Table 1.
Details of included studies
|
Study type Population F/U (years) |
Type of HF | N | Age (mean, years) | Men (%) | EF (%) | LA diameter (mm) | AF/flutter on ECG N (%) | P wave (ms) | PR (ms) | QRS (ms) |
LBBB N (%) |
RBBB N (%) |
QT (ms) |
LVH N (%) |
ST/T changes N (%) | Other | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HFpEF and HFrEF | |||||||||||||||||
| Nikolaidou et al (2018)† | Prospective study | Excluded | PRc* | QTc* | |||||||||||||
| Consecutive patients referred to a community HF clinic with suspected HF 2001–14 |
No HF HeFNEF HeFREF |
1,155 1,107 1,434 |
68* 76* 71* |
51 47 71 |
59 54 33 |
6/1193 (0.1) 707/1950 (36) 553/2333 (24) |
163 168 174 |
90* 92* 112* |
418 429 453 |
||||||||
| Pascual‐Figal et al. (2017) | Prospective study | Index (mm/m2) | |||||||||||||||
|
Ambulatory patients with chronic HF from 2 national registries 2003–04, 2007–11 F/U: 41 months |
HeFNEF HeFmrEF HeFREF |
635 460 2,351 |
72 67 64 |
43 73 77 |
25 24 25 |
221 (35) 94 (20) 442 (19) |
108 117 130 |
47 (7) 777 (17) 733 (32) |
55 (9) 35 (8) 106 (5) |
||||||||
| Hendry et al. (2016) | Cross‐sectional study | QTc | Q wave | ||||||||||||||
| In‐ and outpatients with chronic HF at one centre 2015 |
HeFNEF HeFREF |
50 60 |
60 58 |
56 82 |
59 29 |
34 42 |
N/A |
97 124 |
0 12 (20) |
7 (14) 3 (5) |
453 499 |
15 (30) 33 (55) |
19 (38) 42 (70) |
9 (18) 17 (28) |
|||
| Gijsberts et al. (2016)†** | Observational study | Adjusted QRS | |||||||||||||||
|
Patients with HF (in‐ or outpatient). 839 SHOP cohort and 11,221 SwedeHF 2010–14 F/U: 445 days |
All HF HeFNEF HeFREF |
12,060 2,913 9,147 |
73 | 63 | 5,807 (48) |
103 95 106 |
1834 (15) | ||||||||||
| Sanchis et al (2016) | Prospective study | Volume (ml) | |||||||||||||||
| Consecutive patients with new‐onset HF, referred to a clinic 2009–12 |
No HF HeFNEF |
32 34 |
73 75 |
23 28 |
61 60 |
17 21 |
Excluded 29/138 (21) |
74 81 |
158 173 |
97 95 |
|||||||
| Cenkerova et al. (2016) | Prospective study | PQ | QTc | ||||||||||||||
|
Consecutive patients with HF admitted to one centre 2010–11 F/U: 24 months |
HeFNEF HeFREF |
63 46 |
74 67 |
54 76 |
59 27 |
50 53 |
29 (46) 12 (27) |
160 170 |
80 100 |
435 452 |
|||||||
| Yap et al. (2015)† | Prospective study | ||||||||||||||||
| Consecutive patients admitted with HF to any public hospital in Singapore 2008–09 |
HeFNEF HeFREF |
751 1,209 |
73 67 |
35 64 |
255 (34) 254 (21) |
94 106 |
|||||||||||
| Menet et al. (2014) | Cohort study | Vol index (ml/m2) | Excluded | ||||||||||||||
| Patients hospitalized for HF |
No HF‐HT HeFNEF HeFREF CRT HeFREF (QRS < 120) |
40 40 40 40 |
68 70 70 62 |
23 23 70 80 |
69 63 25 30 |
23 33 41 33 |
91 92 157 97 |
2 (5) 2 (5) 38 (95) 0 (0) |
|||||||||
| Lund et al. (2013)†** | Prospective study | QRS ≥ 120 | |||||||||||||||
|
SwedeHF registry (online registry of in‐ and outpatients with HF) F/U: 2 years |
All HF HeFNEF HeFmrEF HeFREF |
25,171 6,193 5,601 13,377 |
75 | 60 | 11,452 (46) |
7,803 (31) 1,115 (18) 1,400 (25) 5,217 (39) |
4,028 (16) | ||||||||||
| Park et al. (2013)† | Prospective registry | QRS ≥ 120 | |||||||||||||||
|
Korean Acute Heart Failure Registry 2004–09 (patients admitted to 24 hospitals with HF) F/U: 656 days |
HeFNEF HeFREF |
523 966 |
70 66 |
39 56 |
58 30 |
180 (34) 213 (22) |
67 (13) 232 (24) |
||||||||||
| Eicher et al. (2012) | Cross‐sectional study | History of AF | |||||||||||||||
| Consecutive patients admitted for HF (3 months). Controls: CAD or mild valve disease |
No HF HeFNEF |
27 29 |
80 81 |
52 38 |
69 66 |
37 45 |
5 (19) 20 (69) |
118 126 |
|||||||||
| Khan et al. (2007) | Retrospective study | PR > 250 | QRS ≥ 120 | JTc > 400 | Abnormal T wave | Q wave | |||||||||||
| EuroHeart Failure Survey of inpatients with HF in 24 European countries over a period of 6 weeks 2001–02 |
No echo abnormality LVDD Mild LVSD Mod/sev LVSD |
523 109 667 735 |
103 (20) 21 (19) 152 (23) 143 (20) |
10/408 3/86 15/490 21/572 |
70 (13) 21 (19) 151 (23) 227 (31) |
18 (3) 5 (5) 66 (9) 137 (19) |
40 (8) 10 (9) 50 (8) 39 (5) |
16 (3) 3 (3) 18 (3) 31 (4) |
40 (8) 11 (10) 82 (12) 92 (13) |
33 (6) 6 (1) 56 (8) 77 (11) |
52 (10) 12 (11) 107 (16) 154 (21) |
||||||
|
and |
RCT | BBB | |||||||||||||||
|
Patients with HF from the CHARM program F/U: 38 months |
HeFNEF HeFREF |
3,023 4,576 |
67 65 |
60 73 |
55 29 |
478 (16) 670 (15) |
444 (15) 696 (15) |
434 (14) 1,377 (30) |
|||||||||
| Danciu et al. (2006)† | Retrospective study | History of AF | IVCD | ||||||||||||||
| Patients hospitalized with decompensated HF |
HeFNEF HeFREF |
108 109 |
72 70 |
39 67 |
60 22 |
30 (28) 30 (28) |
13 (12) 25 (23) |
17 (16) 8 (7) |
13 (12) 25 (23) |
||||||||
| Peyster et al. (2004) | Retrospective study | LBBB/ IVCD | ECG/ echo | ||||||||||||||
| Consecutive patients aged ≥ 65 with discharge diagnosis of HF |
HeFNEF HeFREF |
97 150 |
78 76 |
25 49 |
22 (23) 38 (25) |
3 (3) 39 (26) |
59 (61) 52 (35) |
||||||||||
| Varadarajan and Pai (2003)† | Retrospective study | MI | |||||||||||||||
|
Patients with HF discharge diagnosis and echo 1990–99 F/U: 786 days |
HeFNEF HeFREF |
963 1,295 |
70 71 |
62 31 |
193 (20) 337 (26) |
19 (2) 155 (12) |
87 (9) 143 (11) |
366 (38) 777 (60) |
|||||||||
| Masoudi et al. (2003) | Retrospective study | History of AF | |||||||||||||||
| Medicaid beneficiaries aged ≥ 65 hospitalized for HF 1998–99 |
HeFNEF HeFREF |
6,754 12,956 |
80 78 |
29 51 |
2,431 (36) 3,887 (30) |
540 (8) 3,109 (24) |
|||||||||||
| Shenkman et al. (2002)† | Retrospective study | QRS ≥ 120 | |||||||||||||||
|
Patients from the REACH study 1989–99 F/U 32 months |
All HF HeFNEF HeFREF |
3,471 1811 1,660 |
66 | 50 |
721 (21) 230 (13) 491 (30) |
||||||||||||
| Senni et al. (1998) | Retrospective study | LBBB/IVCD | |||||||||||||||
| Patients receiving a first diagnosis of HF and echo in 1991 in Olmsted County |
HeFNEF HeFREF |
59 78 |
78 74 |
31 59 |
≥50 <50 |
17 (29) 19 (24) |
0 9 (12) |
10 (17) 15 (19) |
|||||||||
| HeFNEF only | |||||||||||||||||
| Gigliotti et al. (2017)† | Retrospective study | Area (cm2) | QTc | ||||||||||||||
| Patients discharged with a HF diagnosis from one centre and echo 2006–09 |
HeFNEF + SR HeFNEF + AF |
57 25 |
69 79 |
42 44 |
21 30 |
99 103 |
443 447 |
||||||||||
| Oskouie et al. (2017) | Prospective study | Vol index (ml/m2) | Excluded | QTc | |||||||||||||
| Consecutive patients following hospitalization with HeFNEF in a centre 2008–11 | HeFNEF | 201 | 64 | 23 | 62 | 31 | 48/397 (12) | 173 | 96 | 454 | |||||||
| Martinez Santos et al. (2016) | Prospective study | ||||||||||||||||
| Consecutive patients admitted with HeFNEF in a centre 2011–12 | HeFNEF | 123 | 81 | 37 | 20 (16) | ||||||||||||
| Shah et al. (2015)† | Prospective study | Vol index (ml/m2) | History of AF | QTc | QRS‐T angle | ||||||||||||
| Consecutive patients from outpatient clinic following hospitalization for HF 2008–11 |
Phenotypic Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 |
128 120 149 |
61 66 67 |
33 32 45 |
62 61 60 |
29 32 41 |
17 (13) 26 (22) 64 (43) |
167 174 183 |
94 91 113 |
451 450 464 |
43 53 87 |
||||||
| Donal et al. (2014) | Prospective study | PR > 200 | QRS > 120 | ||||||||||||||
| Consecutive patients with HF in the ED in 10 French and 3 Swedish centres 2007–11 |
HeFNEF at admission HeFNEF after 4–8 weeks treatment |
539 438 |
77 77 |
44 44 |
56 62 |
45 |
218 (44) 171 (39) |
26 (11) 25 (14) |
69 (15) 57 (16) |
16 (3.5) 14 (3.8) |
35 (7.6) 24 (6.6) |
||||||
|
and and |
RCT | 2ͦ or 3ͦ HB | |||||||||||||||
|
I‐PRESERVE study on the effect of Irbesartan in patients with HeFNEF F/U: 4.1 years |
HeFNEF (alive at follow‐up) HeFNEF (non‐SCD) HeFNEF(SCD) |
3,247 650 231 |
71 75 74 |
37 47 55 |
60 58 57 |
844 (26) 273 (42) 85 (37) |
260 (8) 59 (9) 32 (14) |
974 (30) 189 (29) 83 (36) |
65 (2) 26 (4) 14 (6) |
||||||||
| Selvaraj et al. (2014)† | Prospective study | Vol index (ml/m2) | QTc | T wave inversion | IVCD | ||||||||||||
|
Patients with HF identified from inpatient records, reviewed in the outpatient clinic 2008–11 F/U: 12 months |
HeFNEF QRS‐T angle 0–26˚ 27–75˚ 76–179˚ |
124 125 127 |
62 66 64 |
31 37 39 |
62 61 61 |
31 33 37 |
18 (15) 30 (24) 40 (32) |
167 174 183 |
86 94 109 |
0 (0) 2 (2) 11 (9) |
1 (1) 6 (5) 17 (13) |
447 450 462 |
18 (15) 31 (26) 81 (68) |
1 (1) 8 (6) 12 (9) |
|||
|
Shah et al. (2013) and |
RCT | History of AF | QRS ≥ 120 | Q wave | |||||||||||||
| Patients with HeFNEF enrolled in the TOPCAT trial in six countries 2006–12 | HeFNEF | 3,445 | 69 | 48 | 57 |
28% ECG 35% |
100 18% |
204 (8) | 287 (11) | 742 (29) | 399 (16) | ||||||
| Hummel et al. (2009)† | Retrospective study | ||||||||||||||||
|
Patients admitted to eight Michigan hospitals in two 6‐month periods 2002–04 F/U: 660 days |
HeFNEF all) HeFNEF (QRS < 120 ms) HeFNEF (QRS ≥ 120 ms) |
872 679 193 |
74 72 78 |
33 31 40 |
60 60 59 |
235 (27) 224 (33) 91 (47) |
89 148 |
||||||||||
| No symptoms of heart failure at baseline | |||||||||||||||||
| O'Neal et al. (2017) | Cohort study | p > 120 | PR > 200 | QRS > 100 | Long QT | Abnormal P axis | |||||||||||
|
MESA population, no cardiovascular disease at baseline from six field centres 2000–02 F/U: 12.1 years |
No HF Developed HeFREF Developed HeFNEF |
6,420 127 117 |
62 67 70 |
47 72 50 |
699 (11) 27 (21) 21 (18) |
492 (8) 19 (15) 15 (13) |
1,239 (19) 56 (44) 34 (29) |
16 (<1) 5 (3.9) 1 (<1) |
145 (2.3) 6 (4.7) 7 (5.9) |
481 (7.5) 28 (22) 6 (5.1) |
236 (3.7) 12 (9.5) 8 (6.8) |
852 (13) 44 (35) 25 (21) |
548 (8.5) 11 (8.7) 18 (15) |
||||
| Ho et al. (2013)** | Cohort study | ||||||||||||||||
|
Characteristics at baseline FHS participants with HF hospitalization 1980–2008 F/U 15 years |
No HF HeFNEF HeFREF |
5,828 196 261 |
60 74 72 |
45 39 64 |
22 (11) 26 (10) |
9 (5) 10 (4) |
14 (7) 15 (5) |
35 (18) 69 (26) |
|||||||||
| Lee et al. (2009)** | Cohort study | ||||||||||||||||
|
Characteristics at HF onset FHS participants with HF occurring 1981–2004 F/U: 3.2 years |
HeFNEF HeFREF |
178 270 |
79 77 |
36 60 |
61 (34) 53 (2) |
103 112 |
13 (7) 54 (20) |
22 (12) 24 (9) |
|||||||||
Abbreviations: AF, atrial fibrillation; CAD, coronary artery disease; echo, echocardiogram; ED, emergency department; EF, ejection fraction; F/U, follow‐up; F/U, follow‐up; FHS, Framingham heart study; HB, heart block; HF, heart failure; HT, hypertension; IVCD, interventricular conduction delay; LA, left atrium; LVSF, left ventricular systolic function; MI, myocardial infarction; PAF, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation; RCT, randomized controlled trial; RV, right ventricular; SCD, sudden cardiac death.
Median
Overlapping cohorts
Outcome or mortality data available