Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of Study Participants Stratified by Quintiles of Daily Dietary Plant Protein Intakea.
| Characteristicb | Quintiles of plant protein intake for men | Quintiles of plant protein intake for women | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 (N = 47 407) | 2 (N = 47 407) | 3 (N = 47 408) | 4 (N = 47 407) | 5 (N = 47 407) | 1 (N = 35 813) | 2 (N = 35 814) | 3 (N = 35 814) | 4 (N = 35 814) | 5 (N = 35 813) | |
| Plant protein intake, mean (SD), g/1000 kcal | 9.8 (1.6) | 12.6 (0.6) | 14.4 (0.5) | 16.3 (0.6) | 19.9 (2.4) | 10.4 (1.6) | 13.2 (0.5) | 15.0 (0.5) | 16.8 (0.6) | 20.6 (2.6) |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 61.4 (5.4) | 61.7 (5.4) | 61.8 (5.4) | 61.9 (5.4) | 61.9 (5.3) | 61.3 (5.5) | 61.7 (5.4) | 61.7 (5.4) | 61.8 (5.4) | 61.7 (5.4) |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 27.5 (4.4) | 27.4 (4.3) | 27.3 (4.2) | 27.1 (4.2) | 26.6 (4.2) | 27.1 (6.3) | 26.9 (5.9) | 26.8 (5.9) | 26.6 (5.7) | 26.0 (5.7) |
| Non-Hispanic white, % | 91.5 | 92.6 | 93.1 | 92.6 | 91.4 | 86.9 | 89.7 | 90.6 | 90.7 | 89.5 |
| Vigorous physical activity, ≥5/wk, % | 17.0 | 18.4 | 20.3 | 21.9 | 27.0 | 12.9 | 13.9 | 15.4 | 17.7 | 21.9 |
| Educational level, college or postgraduate, % | 37.2 | 43.0 | 46.6 | 49.4 | 52.3 | 24.6 | 28.6 | 30.8 | 32.3 | 36.7 |
| Married, % | 81.1 | 85.3 | 86.5 | 86.9 | 84.8 | 41.9 | 45.5 | 46.2 | 46.4 | 44.0 |
| Family history of cancer, % | 46.1 | 47.2 | 48.0 | 48.0 | 46.5 | 49.9 | 51.1 | 52.2 | 51.5 | 51.1 |
| Diabetes, % | 6.3 | 7.0 | 7.9 | 9.3 | 10.4 | 5.2 | 5.8 | 6.1 | 6.5 | 6.6 |
| Current smoker, % | 20.0 | 12.6 | 9.6 | 7.6 | 6.0 | 23.4 | 16.0 | 13.0 | 11.4 | 9.5 |
| Alcoholic drinks, >3/d, % | 29.5 | 13.0 | 7.3 | 4.0 | 2.0 | 9.3 | 2.4 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 0.2 |
| Energy intake, mean (SD), kcal | 2323 (1016) | 2088 (837) | 1991 (786) | 1909 (746) | 1863 (757) | 1712 (747) | 1607 (654) | 1556 (623) | 1502 (598) | 1468 (610) |
| Fiber intake, mean (SD), g/1000 kcal | 15.9 (8.3) | 18.3 (8.1) | 20.0 (8.6) | 21.7 (9.3) | 26.4 (12.5) | 13.2 (6.7) | 15.9 (7.2) | 17.5 (7.8) | 19.1 (8.5) | 23.3 (11.6) |
| Foods, servings, mean (SD) | ||||||||||
| Fruits | 2.4 (2.4) | 2.8 (2.4) | 3.0 (2.4) | 3.1 (2.4) | 3.3 (2.6) | 2.6 (2.5) | 2.9 (2.4) | 3.0 (2.3) | 3.1 (2.3) | 3.2 (2.4) |
| Vegetables | 3.0 (1.8) | 3.6 (2.0) | 3.9 (2.1) | 4.2 (2.3) | 5.2 (3.3) | 2.8 (1.7) | 3.4 (1.9) | 3.7 (2.1) | 4.1 (2.3) | 5.2 (3.4) |
| Vitamin supplement use, % | 47.4 | 49.9 | 52.4 | 54.2 | 56.4 | 56.9 | 59.8 | 61.1 | 63.1 | 62.9 |
| Prior or current postmenopausal hormone therapy, % | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 49.8 | 53.0 | 55.0 | 55.5 | 55.7 |
| Self-reported health, poor or fair, % | 9.3 | 7.5 | 6.9 | 6.2 | 5.9 | 12.3 | 10.0 | 9.1 | 8.9 | 7.8 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared), NA, not applicable.
a
All exposures are associated with plant protein intake, with P < .001 for trend across all groups.
b
All dietary data are per day.