Table 2. Risk of Overall and Cause-Specific Mortality Associated With Daily Dietary Plant Protein Intake Among 237 036 Men.

Cause of death	Per 1-SD increment			Per 10 g/1000 kcal increment
	ARD, % (95% CI)a	HR (95% CI)	P value	ARD, % (95% CI)a	HR (95% CI)	P value
Overall
Age adjustedb	−1.2 (−1.3 to −1.1)	0.86 (0.85 to 0.87)	<.001	−3.0 (−3.2 to −2.8)	0.66 (0.64 to 0.67)	<.001
Multivariablec	−0.36 (−0.48 to −0.25)	0.95 (0.94 to 0.97)	<.001d	−0.95 (−1.3 to −0.68)	0.88 (0.84 to 0.91)	<.001d
Cancer
Age adjustedb	−0.54 (−0.62 to −0.50)	0.85 (0.84 to 0.87)	<.001	−1.3 (−1.5 to −1.2)	0.65 (0.62 to 0.68)	<.001
Multivariablec	−0.073 (−0.17 to 0.0018)	0.98 (0.96 to 1.00)	.09	−0.20 (−0.44 to 0.0024)	0.94 (0.88 to 1.01)	.09
CVD
Age adjustedb	−0.36 (−0.43 to −0.31)	0.88 (0.86 to 0.90)	<.001	−0.90 (−1.1 to −0.79)	0.70 (0.67 to 0.74)	<.001
Multivariablec	−0.13 (−0.22 to −0.050)	0.95 (0.93 to 0.98)	<.001d	−0.35 (−0.59 to −0.14)	0.88 (0.81 to 0.95)	<.001d
Heart disease
Age adjustedb	−0.30 (−0.36 to −0.25)	0.88 (0.87 to 0.90)	<.001	−0.75 (−0.90 to −0.64)	0.71 (0.68 to 0.75)	<.001
Multivariablec	−0.087 (−0.17 to −0.0088)	0.97 (0.94 to 0.99)	.02	−0.23 (−0.44 to −0.028)	0.91 (0.84 to 0.98)	.02
Stroke
Age adjustedb	−0.074 (−0.10 to −0.049)	0.86 (0.82 to 0.90)	<.001	−0.18 (−0.24 to −0.13)	0.66 (0.58 to 0.75)	<.001
Multivariablec	−0.066 (−0.11 to −0.030)	0.88 (0.82 to 0.94)	<.001d	−0.17 (−0.26 to −0.08)	0.70 (0.58 to 0.85)	<.001d
Respiratory disease
Age adjustedb	−0.25 (−0.29 to −0.22)	0.69 (0.66 to 0.72)	<.001	−0.54 (−0.61 to −0.50)	0.36 (0.33 to 0.40)	<.001
Multivariablec	−0.018 (−0.066 to 0.027)	0.98 (0.92 to 1.04)	.42	−0.049 (−0.17 to 0.071)	0.93 (0.79 to 1.10)	.42
Infection
Age adjustedb	−0.066 (−0.085 to −0.046)	0.85 (0.81 to0.90)	<.001	−0.16 (−0.20 to −0.12)	0.65 (0.56 to 0.74)	<.001
Multivariablec	−0.0079 (−0.037 to 0.023)	0.98 (0.91 to 1.06)	.65	−0.021 (−0.099 to 0.061)	0.95 (0.77 to 1.18)	.65
Injury and accident
Age adjustedb	−0.052 (−0.077 to −0.030)	0.89 (0.84 to 0.93)	<.001	−0.13 (−0.19 to −0.079)	0.71 (0.62 to 0.82)	<.001
Multivariablec	−0.044 (−0.079 to −0.012)	0.90 (0.84 to 0.97)	.009	−0.11 (−0.19 to −0.037)	0.76 (0.61 to 0.93)	.009
Other causes combined
Age adjustedb	−0.23 (−0.28 to −0.20)	0.89 (0.87 to 0.91)	<.001	−0.57 (−0.70 to −0.50)	0.72 (0.68 to 0.77)	<.001
Multivariablec	−0.18 (−0.25 to −0.13)	0.91 (0.88 to 0.94)	<.001d	−0.46 (−0.63 to −0.33)	0.78 (0.71 to 0.85)	<.001d

Abbreviations: ARD, absolute risk difference; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HR, hazard ratio.

^aCalculated as a difference of 1-SD or 10 g/1000 kcal increment per day in plant protein intake during the follow-up of 16 years. The 95% CIs were estimated from 100 bootstrap samples.

^bFor age at entry, total energy intake, and animal protein intake.

^cAdjusted for age at entry (continuous), body mass index (<18.5, 18.5 to <25, 25 to <30, 30 to <35, and ≥35), alcohol consumption (none to ≤1, >1 to 3, and >3 drinks per day), smoking status (never, former with ≤20 cigarettes per day, former with >20 cigarettes per day, current with ≤20 cigarettes per day, current with >20 cigarettes per day, or missing), physical activity (never/rarely, 1-3 times per month, 1-2 times per week, 3-4 times per week, ≥5 times/week, or missing), race or ethnic group (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, or other race/ethnicity), educational level (<high school, high school graduate, post–high school training or some college,≥college graduate, or missing), marital status (yes vs no), diabetes (yes vs no), health status (poor to fair, good, or very good to excellent, or unknown), vitamin supplement use (yes vs no), and daily dietary total energy, animal protein, saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, monounsaturated fat, trans fat, fiber, vegetables, and fruits (all continuous). For the end point of cancer mortality, the model was further adjusted for history of cancer in a first-degree relative (yes vs no).

^dAchieved Bonferroni-corrected threshold (.05/18 = .0028).