Table 2.

The effects of various HMGB1 inhibitors

Compound	Type of studies	Biological function	References
HMGB1-neutralizing antibody	In vitro	Inhibits HMGB1-induced autophagy and increases the sensitivity of leukemia cells to chemotherapy	[175]
mAb (2G7)	In vivo	Improves arthritis, LN and drug-induced liver injury	[176-178]
s-RAGE	In vivo	Blocks the HMGB1-RAGE signaling pathway	[179]
HMGB1 A-box	In vitro	Inhibits the proinflammatory actions of the B-box	[5]
TAT-HMGB1A	In vitro	Reduces secretion of endogenous HMGB1 protein	[180]
GL	In vitro, in vivo	Suppresses HMGB1 phosphorylation and secretion via PKC/CaMKIV	[181]
EP	In vitro, in vivo	Inhibits HMGB1 secretion by inducing HO-1 via PI3k/Akt and Nrf2 pathways; reverses the HMGB1-induced senescent phenotype of BM-MSCs; reduces RAGE expression and NF-κB/STAT3 pathway activation	[93, 184, 185]
quercetin	In vitro	Promotes apoptosis by attenuating the expression of HMGB1 and RAGE and suppressing the activation of NF-κB	[186]
ICM	In vitro	Inhibits HMGB1 nucleoplasmic translocation and autophagy by enhancing the interaction between Beclin-1 and E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF216	[187]
sLPC	In vivo	Suppresses HMGB1 phosphorylation and extracellular release	[188]
P5779	In vitro, in vivo	Interrupts disulfide-HMGB1/MD-2 binding; suppresses HMGB1-induced TNF release	[189]
rTM	In vitro, in vivo	Decreases serum HMGB1 levels and improves SIRS in hematological malignancies; improves DIC in AML; inhibits HMGB1 protein secretion and inhibits I-κB phosphorylation	[190-192]