Table 4.
Adjusted multinomial logistic regression of prescription opioid misuse and use disorder among U.S. adolescents aged 12-17
| Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Rx opioid use vs. none (ref.) | Rx opioid misuse without disorder vs. none (ref.) |
Rx opioid misuse with disorder vs. none (ref.) |
|
| Age (ref.=12-13) | |||
| 14-15 | 1.34 (1.21-1.48) | 1.35 (1.04-1.73) | 1.60 (0.84-3.06) |
| 16-17 | 1.56 (1.41-1.73) | 1.48 (1.16-1.91) | 0.99 (0.56-1.75) |
| Sex (ref.=male) | |||
| Female | 1.13 (1.05-1.22) | 1.02 (0.87-1.21) | 1.66 (1.13-2.46) |
| Race/ethnicity (ref.= Non-Hispanic White) | |||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1.20 (1.07-1.34) | 1.89 (1.49-2.40) | 1.94 (0.98-3.85) |
| Hispanic | 1.04 (0.93-1.15) | 1.42 (1.13-1.77) | 1.93 (1.21-3.07) |
| Non-Hispanic Asian/Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | 0.89 (0.74-1.08) | 0.71 (0.45-1.12) | 1.44 (0.61-3.39) |
| Non-Hispanic other | 0.94 (0.80-1.10) | 1.04 (0.71-1.52) | 1.48 (0.73-2.97) |
| Family income (ref.= ≥$75,000) | |||
| <$49,999 | 0.98 (0.90-1.08) | 1.14 (0.89-1.46) | 1.49 (0.96-2.32) |
| $50,000-$74,999 | 1.03 (0.94-1.13) | 0.95 (0.72-1.24) | 1.13 (0.57-2.23) |
| Insurance status (ref.=No) | |||
| Yes | 1.08 (0.87-1.35) | 0.96 (0.66-1.40) | 0.87 (0.33-2.25) |
| Population density (ref.= In a CBSA with ≥ 1 million persons) | |||
| In a CBSA with < 1 million persons | 1.11 (1.02-1.21) | 1.06 (0.92-1.21) | 1.26 (0.83-1.90) |
| Not in a CBSA | 1.39 (1.21-1.59) | 1.54 (1.17-2.04) | 1.57 (0.79-3.12) |
| Past-year alcohol use (ref.=No) | |||
| Yes | 1.49 (1.36-1.65) | 2.41 (1.91-3.03) | 2.02 (1.18-3.46) |
| Past-year cannabis use (ref.=No) | |||
| Yes | 0.83 (0.72-0.96) | 2.28 (1.85-2.81) | 2.76 (1.83-4.15) |
| Past-year illicit drug use other than cannabisa (ref.=No) | |||
| Yes | 1.43 (1.22-1.67) | 3.42 (2.88-4.06) | 6.22 (3.89-9.96) |
| Past-year other Rx drug use or misuseb (ref.=No) | |||
| Yes | 2.84 (2.62-3.09) | 6.60 (5.61-7.77) | 10.43 (7.52-14.45) |
| Self-rated lifetime medical conditions (ref.=None) | |||
| 1 | 1.21 (1.11-1.31) | 0.91 (0.76-1.10) | 1.32 (0.90-1.93) |
| 2 or more | 1.33 (0.97-1.83) | 1.64 (1.05-2.57) | 2.58 (1.22-5.44) |
| Past-year Major Depressive Episode (ref.=No) | |||
| Yes | 1.28 (1.14-1.45) | 1.43 (1.15-1.78) | 3.37 (2.20-5.15) |
| Household composition (ref. Neither) | |||
| Dual-parent | 1.08 (0.91-1.27) | 1.23 (0.94-1.59) | 2.37 (0.95-5.90) |
| Mother-only | 1.13 (0.95-1.35) | 1.09 (0.81-1.46) | 1.86 (0.77-4.46) |
| Father-only | 1.36 (1.10-1.68) | 1.51 (1.03-2.23) | 2.38 (0.74-7.67) |
| Past-year School enrollment (ref.=No) | |||
| Yes | 0.92 (0.76-1.11) | 0.66 (0.48-0.91) | 1.79 (0.43-7.48) |
| Survey year (ref.=2015) | |||
| 2016 | 0.77 (0.72-0.84) | 0.74 (0.61-0.91) | 1.09 (0.69-1.71) |
| 2017 | 0.67 (0.62-0.72) | 0.63 (0.51-0.76) | 0.66 (0.42-1.02) |
Note. The sample size is unweighted, and all results are weighted estimates. CBSA=The US Bureau of the Census’s Core-Based Statistical Areas. Multinomial logistic regression was conducted for multiple possible outcomes (none, Rx opioid use, Rx opioid misuse without disorder, and Rx opioid misuse with disorder), adjusting for all covariates listed in the first column.
Bold: statistically significant at .05 level.
Past-year illicit drug use other than cannabis was defined as using any one of the following illicit drugs: inhalants, hallucinogens, cocaine, heroin, or methamphetamine.
Past-year other prescription drug use or misuse was defined as using or misusing any one of the following prescription drugs: tranquilizers, sedatives, or stimulants.