Table 3.

Clinical-phase vaccine candidates for COVID-19

Vaccine strategy	Candidate	Lead developer	Vaccine characteristics	Status	Same platform for noncoronavirus candidates
RNA vaccines	mRNA-1273	Moderna/NIAID	Lipid nanoparticles containing the mRNA vaccine encoding the SARS-CoV-2 S protein	Phase 2 (IND accepted) Phase 1 NCT04283461	Multiple candidates
	BNT162	BioNTech/Fosun Pharma/Pfizer	Lipid nanoparticles containing the mRNA vaccine encoding the SARS-CoV-2 S protein	Phase 1/22020-001038-36 NCT04368728	-
Viral vector-based vaccines	Ad5-nCoV	CanSino Biological Inc./Beijing Institute of Biotechnology	Nonreplicating adenovirus type 5 vector carrying the gene for the SARS-CoV-2 S protein	Phase 2 ChiCTR2000031781, phase 1 ChiCTR2000030906	Ebola
	ChAdOx1 nCoV-19	University of Oxford	ChAdOx1 construct (an adenovirus vaccine vector) carrying the gene for the SARS-CoV-2 S protein	Phase 1/2 NCT04324606	MERS, influenza, TB, Chikungunya, Zika, MenB, plague
DNA vaccines	INO-4800	Inovio Pharmaceuticals	DNA plasmid encoding the SARS-CoV-2 S protein delivered by electroporation	Phase 1 NCT04336410	Lassa, Nipah, HIV, filovirus, HPV, cancer indications, Zika, hepatitis B
Inactivated virus vaccines	Inactivated	Beijing Institute of Biological Products/Wuhan Institute of Biological Products	Virions inactivated with chemicals or radiation, with or without adjuvant, rendering the viral genome noninfectious while maintaining the virion structure, which is antigenically similar to the live virus	Phase 1/2 ChiCTR2000032459	-
	Inactivated	Wuhan Institute of Biological Products/Sinopharm		Phase 1/2 ChiCTR2000031809	-
	Inactivated + alum	Sinovac		Phase 1/2 NCT04383574 NCT04352608	SARS
	Inactivated	Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences		Phase 1	-
Protein subunit	NVX-CoV2373	Novavax	Full length recombinant SARS-CoV-2 glycoprotein nanoparticle vaccine adjuvanted with Martrix MTM adjuvant	Phase 1/2 NCT04368988	RSV, CCHF, HPV, VZV, EBOV

Source: WHO.