lncCSMD1 expression is increased and positively correlated with poor prognosis in HCC patients. (A) Relative lncCSMD1 expression level was measured in 127 paired HCC and peritumor liver tissues (Discovery Cohort) with a custom lncRNA microarray (left) and in another 127 paired HCC and peritumor liver tissues (randomly selected from the Validation Cohort) with qRT-PCR (right). (B) lncCSMD1 was mainly expressed in HCC tissues (T), but rarely in peritumor liver tissues (N), as shown by RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization. (C) In the Discovery Cohort, 127 HCC patients were divided into high or low expression group according to the median value of lncCSMD1 expression detected by custom lncRNA microarray. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that HCC patients with high lncCSMD1 expression level have significantly worse overall survival (OS, left) and disease-free survival (DFS, right) than those with low lncCSMD1 level. (D-F) The HCC patients in the Validation Cohort (D), External Validation Cohort 1 (E) and 2 (F) were divided into high or low expression group according to the median value of lncCSMD1 level detected by qRT-PCR. Kaplan-Meier analysis of these Validation Cohorts verified the results obtained in the Discovery Cohort.