Table 2.

Training or synergizing? Contrast of methodological principles

Approach	Training (traditional)	Synergizing (complex systems)
Programs	Fixed training programs	Contextually sensitive methodological criteria
Performers	Executers	Co-designers of the process
Periodization	Fixed, decontextualized	Contextually sensitive
Conditioning, skill acquisition, motor abilities training	Prescription-based	Based on nested dependence and circular causality of constraints
Training unit	Performers and their components Players (team sports)	Performer-environment system Team (team sports)
Short-term training plan	Based on stereotyped performance solutions and movement templates	Based on exploration of representative performance contexts
Training tasks	Non-representative (through task decomposition)	High level of representativeness (through task simplification) and beyond
Training exercises criteria	Right/wrong	Contextually (un)functional
Evaluation	Fragmented	Holistic
Role of the coach	Prescribing solutions	Co-discovering with the performer