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. 2020 Jul 13;10:11521. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-67876-9

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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4-MU modulation of VIPergic innervation in the rat small intestine after I/R injury. (A) Representative confocal microphotographs showing the distribution of VIP (green) and HuC/D (red) in rat myenteric plexus obtained from CTR, I/R and I/R-4MU groups (N = 5 rats per group). Scale bars = 50 μm. Arrows indicate VIP⁺-HuC/D⁺ neurons, asterisk interconnecting fibers. (B) Percentage of VIP⁺-HuC/D⁺ neurons with respect to total HuC/D⁺ neurons and (C) density index of VIP immunoreactivity in small intestine LMMP whole-mount preparations in the different experimental groups (N = 5 rats per group). Data are reported as mean ± SEM. Difference significance: **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs. CTR; ^##P < 0.01 vs. sham-operated; ^§§P < 0.01 vs. I/R by one way ANOVA.