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. 2020 Jul 13;10:11498. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-67728-6

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Chondrus life cycle stages may be assessed through presence of reproductive structures. (A) Reproductive male gametophyte identified by a pinkish to white band of spermatangial shown by a black arrow³⁵, (B) Fertilized female gametophytes identified by the presence of cystocarps shown by a black arrow, and (C) The presence of tetrasporangial sori are shown by a black arrow on reproductive tetrasporophytes³⁶. Photo credit SA Krueger-Hadfield.