Table 4.

Quality assessment of included studies using ROBINS-I

First author (year)	Bias due to confounding	Bias in selection of participants into the study	Bias in classification of interventions	Bias due to deviations from intended interventions	Bias due to missing data	Bias in measurement of outcomes	Bias in selection of the reported result	Overall risk of bias
Ding (2018)52	Low	Moderate	Low	No information	Moderate	Low	Low	Moderate
Zhao (2018)51	Low	Low	No information	No information	Low	Low	Low	Moderate
Baldesi (2017)54	Low	Moderate	No information	No information	Low	Low	Low	Moderate
Kawano (2017)56	Serious	Moderate	Low	No information	Low	Low	Low	Serious
Rudramurthy (2017)55	Low	Low	Low	No information	Low	Low	Low	Moderate
Tigen (2017)53	Serious	Moderate	Low	No information	Low	Low	Low	Serious
Yang (2017)26	Low	Low	Low	No information	Low	Low	Moderate	Moderate
Gong (2016)47	Serious	Moderate	Low	No information	Low	Low	Low	Serious
Ortíz Ruiz (2016)16	Low	Low	Low	No information	Low	Low	Low	Moderate
Pinhati (2016)58	Moderate	Moderate	Low	No information	Low	Low	Low	Moderate
Playford (2016)57	Low	Moderate	No information	No information	Low	Low	Low	Moderate
Aguilar (2015)15	No information	Moderate	Low	No information	Low	Low	Low	Moderate
Chakrabarti (2015)29	Serious	Low	Low	No information	Low	Low	Low	Serious
Fochtmann (2015)27	Low	Moderate	Low	No information	Low	Low	Low	Moderate
Kautzky (2015)59	Serious	Low	No information	No information	Low	Low	Low	Serious
Klingspor (2015)28	Low	Moderate	Low	No information	Low	Low	Low	Moderate
Liao (2015)14	Low	Moderate	Low	No information	Low	Low	Low	Moderate
Karacaer (2014)31	Moderate	Moderate	Low	No information	Low	Low	Low	Moderate
Colombo (2014)32	Low	Moderate	Low	No information	Low	Low	Low	Moderate
Hu (2014)48	Low	Moderate	Low	No information	Low	Low	Low	Moderate
Lortholary (2017)60	Low	Serious	Low	No information	Low	Low	Moderate	Serious
Yapar (2014)61	Moderate	Moderate	Low	No information	Low	Low	Low	Moderate
Giri (2013)30	Serious	Moderate	Low	No information	Low	Low	Low	Serious
Guo (2013)49	Low	Low	Low	No information	Low	Low	Low	Moderate
Tortorano (2012)33	Serious	Moderate	Low	No information	Low	Low	Low	Serious
Ylipalosaari (2012)34	Moderate	Moderate	Low	No information	Low	Low	Low	Moderate
Pasero (2011)35	Low	Low	Low	No information	Low	Low	Low	Moderate
Han (2010)36	Low	Serious	No information	No information	Low	Low	Low	Serious
Pratikaki (2011)37	Moderate	Low	Low	No information	Low	Low	Low	Moderate
Playford (2009)38	No information	Low	No information	No information	Low	Low	Low	No information
Holley (2009)39	Low	Serious	Low	No information	Low	Low	Low	Serious
Choi (2009)40	Low	Serious	Low	No information	Low	Low	Low	Serious
Yap (2009)50	No information	Moderate	Low	No information	Low	Low	Low	Moderate
Chow (2008)*	Low	Low	Low	No information	Low	Low	Low	Moderate
Chow (2008)* 41	Low	Moderate	Low	No information	Low	Low	Low	Moderate
Bougnoux (2008)42	No information	Low	Low	No information	Low	Low	Low	Moderate
Girão (2008)43	No information	Serious	Low	No information	Low	Low	Low	Moderate
Dimopoulos (2008)44	Low	Low	Low	No information	Low	Low	Low	Moderate
Dimopoulos (2007)45	Serious	Low	Low	No information	Low	Low	Low	Serious
Jordà-Marcos (2007)62	Low	Moderate	Low	No information	Low	Low	Low	Moderate
Piazza (2003)63	Serious	Low	Moderate	No information	Moderate	Low	Low	Serious
Michalopoulos (2003)46	Low	Low	No information	No information	Low	Low	Low	Moderate

*Adapted from Chow et al.^{70 71}

ROBINS-I, Risk of Bias In Non-randomized Studies of Interventions.