Table 2.

Characteristics of Study Participants: Perceived Parenting Behaviors and Drinking Outcomes

		Total (n = 8805)	Males (n = 4276)	Females (n = 4471)
Parental Monitoring (0–4)	Never	12.8%	13.0%	12.7%
	Rarely	21.8%	21.8%	21.9%
	Sometimes	20.1%	21.2%	19.0%
	Most of the time	25.3%	24.4%	26.1%
	Always	20.0%	19.7%	20.4%
Parental Involvement* (0–4)	Never	17.9%	15.4%	20.3%
	Rarely	18.4%	16.6%	20.2%
	Sometimes	26.0%	25.6%	26.4%
	Most of the time	19.4%	21.0%	17.9%
	Always	18.3%	21.4%	15.3%
Parental Empathy (0–4)	Never	17.8%	18.4%	17.2%
	Rarely	24.3%	24.3%	24.3%
	Sometimes	21.9%	22.0%	21.9%
	Most of the time	22.3%	21.8%	22.8%
	Always	13.7%	13.6%	13.8%
Drinking Frequency* (0–30 days) (mean, SD)		.67 (3.04)	.94 (3.66)	.41 (2.32)
	0 days	86.0%	81.8%	89.9%
	1 or 2 days	9.1%	11.0%	7.3%
	3 to 5 days	2.1%	3.1%	1.2%
	6 to 9 days	1.0%	1.4%	0.6%
	10 days and more	1.8%	2.6%	1.1%
Drinking Amount* (0–5 drinks) (mean, SD)		.13 (.41)	.18 (.50)	.09 (.30)
	0 drinks	84.5%	80.0%	88.7%
	Less than one drink	9.7%	11.8%	7.8%
	1 drink	4.3%	6.1%	2.8%
	2 drinks and more	1.5%	2.2%	.8%
Heavy Drinking* (0–10 times) (mean, SD)		.24 (.99)	.37 (1.27)	.12 (.60)
	0 times	89.7%	85.7%	93.5%
	1 or 2 times	8.8%	11.7%	6.0%
	3 times and more	1.5%	2.6%	0.4%
Drinking Problems* (0–10 times) (mean, SD)		.13 (.75)	.18 (.94)	.07 (.49)
	0 times	94.8%	93.0%	96.4%
	1 or 2 times	4.5%	5.7%	3.4%
	3 times and more	0.8%	1.3%	0.3%

* Gender difference is statistically significant at p < .05 for both the full sample and current drinkers; SD Standard deviation