Table 4.

Gender as Predictors of Mean Drinking Outcomes by Each Level of Parental Perceptions (Current Drinker Only)

	Drinking Frequency (n = 1107)			Drinking Amount (n = 1287)			Heavy Drinking (n = 1682)			Drinking Problems (n = 1692)
	Male	Female	M-F Difference	Male	Female	M-F Difference	Male	Female	M-F Difference	Male	Female	M-F Difference
Parental Monitoring
Never	6.52	3.11	3.41*	1.07	0.73	0.34*	1.54	0.33	1.21*	0.85	0.09	0.76*
Rarely	4.73	4.07	0.66	0.84	0.65	0.19*	0.87	0.43	0.44*	0.46	0.37	0.09
Sometimes	5.25	5.59	−0.34	0.80	0.72	0.08	1.00	0.31	0.69*	0.58	0.23	0.35*
Most of the time	3.65	3.71	−0.06	0.72	0.70	0.02	0.68	0.41	0.27	0.30	0.12	0.18
Always	5.68	3.38	2.30	0.88	0.72	0.16	0.59	0.35	0.24	0.19	0.08	0.11
Parental Involvement
Never	5.25	3.13	2.12*	0.99	0.70	0.29*	1.44	0.24	1.20*	0.89	0.18	0.71*
Rarely	4.75	3.71	1.04	0.78	0.70	0.08	0.81	0.40	0.41*	0.37	0.21	0.16
Sometimes	4.37	3.50	0.87	0.77	0.65	0.12	0.66	0.41	0.25	0.27	0.15	0.12
Most of the time	4.46	6.31	−1.85	0.81	0.76	0.05	0.96	0.28	0.68*	0.51	0.28	0.23
Always	5.85	3.90	1.95	0.88	0.67	0.21	0.73	0.60	0.13	0.29	0.14	0.15
Parental Empathy
Never	6.65	4.52	2.13*	0.94	0.75	0.19*	1.21	0.21	1.00*	0.77	0.10	0.67*
Rarely	3.77	4.12	−0.35	0.84	0.71	0.13*	0.69	0.37	0.32*	0.33	0.13	0.20*
Sometimes	4.36	3.63	0.73	0.86	0.72	0.14	0.93	0.29	0.64*	0.45	0.18	0.27*
Most of the time	5.29	3.81	1.48	0.83	0.72	0.11	0.82	0.57	0.25	0.30	0.22	0.08
Always	5.37	3.88	1.49	0.71	0.46	0.25*	0.97	0.32	0.65*	0.43	0.47	−0.04

* Gender difference is statistically significant at p < .05; Bold numbers indicate statistically significant difference of current level from estimate at the next higher level; All estimates are adjusted for grade, site, and clustering; M-F Male minus Female