Table 4.
Risk of bias summary. Survey studies. Critical Appraisal of a Survey checklist [45]
| Criteria | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
| Gilbert et al., 2017 [29] | + | + | + | + | + | _ | _ | + | + | + | + | _ |
| Manthorpe et al., 2003 [12] | + | + | + | + | _ | _ | + | + | + | + | ? | _ |
| Trickey et al., 2000 [11] | + | + | + | _ | + | _ | + | ? | _ | _ | + | _ |
+ Yes, - No, ? Can’t tell
1. Did the research study address a clearly focused research question?
2. Is the study design appropriate for answering the research question?
3. Is the methods of selection of the subjects clearly described?
4. Could the way the sample was obtained introduce selection bias?
5. Was the sample representative of the population to which the findings will be referred?
6. Was the sample size based on pre-study considerations of statistical power?
7. Was a satisfactory response rate achieved?
8. Are the measurements (questionnaires) likely to be valid and reliable?
9. Was the statistical significance assessed?
10. Are confidence intervals given for the main results?
11. Could there be confounding factors that haven’t been accounted for?
12. Can the results be applied to other settings?