TABLE 1.

Innate and adaptive cells involved in the release of immune molecules at the injury site following spinal cord injury.

	Type of cell	Function at the injury site	Pro-inflammatory molecules released at the injury site	Anti-inflammatory molecules released at the injury site
Innate immune cells	Astrocytes	– Switch from quiescent to reactive following SCI – Recruit neutrophils and M1-macrophages – Involved in glial scar formation	IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α, IFN-γ, TGF-β CCL2, CXCL1, CXCL2	TGF-β, IL-10
	Microglia	– Clear cellular debris from neuronal and glial cell apoptosis – Aid in wound sealing	IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-12, IL-18, TNF-α, IFN-γ, C1q NO, ROS	TGF-β, IL-10, IGF-1
	Neutrophils	– Attracted by CXCL1 and LTB4 – Clear debris from the injury site – Recruit monocytes/macrophages	IL-1β, IL-8, IL-12, TNF-α, IFN-γ MPO, MMP-9	Unknown
	Monocytes Macrophages	– Polarization from M1-M2 subtypes	IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-18, TNF-α, IFN-γ NO, ROS	IL-10, TGF-β
Adaptive immune cells	T-lymphocytes	– Promote CNS fibrosis and autoimmunity	IL-1β, IL-12, TNF-α CCL2, CCL5, CXCL10	IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, TGF-β
	B-lymphocytes	– Promote autoimmunity and demyelination	Unknown	Unknown