TABLE 3.
Association between hypertension and incident heart failure subtypes, by race
| Hypertension | P‐value | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | ||
| White | |||
| HFpEF events, n | 29 | 178 | |
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) | |||
| Model 1 | 1 (ref) | 2.53 (1.71, 3.76) | <.001 |
| Model 2 | 1 (ref) | 2.09 (1.39, 3.12) | <.001 |
| Model 3 | 1 (ref) | 2.01 (1.34, 3.01) | .001 |
| HFrEF/HFmEF events, n | 48 | 244 | |
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) | |||
| Model 1 | 1 (ref) | 2.09 (1.53, 2.85) | <.001 |
| Model 2 | 1 (ref) | 1.75 (1.27, 2.41) | .001 |
| Model 3 | 1 (ref) | 1.69 (1.23, 2.33) | .001 |
| Black | |||
| HFpEF events, n | 7 | 140 | |
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) | |||
| Model 1 | 1 (ref) | 3.72 (1.74, 7.97) | .001 |
| Model 2 | 1 (ref) | 2.77 (1.28, 5.96) | .01 |
| Model 3 | 1 (ref) | 2.70 (1.25, 5.83) | .01 |
| HFrEF/HFmEF events, n | 12 | 180 | |
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) | |||
| Model 1 | 1 (ref) | 2.92 (1.63, 5.23) | <.001 |
| Model 2 | 1 (ref) | 2.33 (1.29, 4.22) | .01 |
| Model 3 | 1 (ref) | 2.29 (1.26, 4.15) | .01 |
Hypertension defined as SBP/DBP ≥ 130/80 mm Hg or self‐reported antihypertensive medication use. Model 1 adjusted for age and sex. Model 2 adjusted for Model 1 covariates + body mass index, smoking, diabetes, reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate, total cholesterol, and statin use. Model 3 adjusted for Model 2 + income, region of residence, health insurance, physical activity, perceived stress, and depressive symptoms. Individuals who experienced HF events where ejection fraction was not available were censored at the time of the HF event.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HF, heart failure; HFmEF, heart failure with mid‐range ejection fraction; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; SBP, systolic blood pressure.