Table 2.
Demographic, travel-related characteristics, signs, symptoms and eosinophilia of 106 Dutch travellers
| Serology + (n = 22) | Serology − (n = 84) | Risk (%)a | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | |||
| Demographic | Males (%) | 7 | 31.8 | 34 | 40.5 | 17.1 |
| Females (%) | 15 | 68.2 | 50 | 59.5 | 23.1 | |
| Age (med) | 29 | 33.5 | ||||
| Contact Place | Malawi | 6 | 27.3 | 45 | 53.6 | 11.8 |
| Lake Victoria | 3 | 13.6 | 8 | 9.5 | 27.3 | |
| Nile River | 8 | 36.4 | 17 | 20.2 | 32.0 | |
| Omo Rivers, Ethiopia | 2 | 9.1 | 0 | 0 | 100 | |
| Lake Tanganyika | 2 | 9.1 | 2 | 2.4 | 50.0 | |
| Dogon, Mali | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1.2 | 0 | |
| Zambezi River | 0 | 0 | 5 | 6.0 | 0 | |
| Volta River, Ghana | 1 | 4.5 | 3 | 3.6 | 25.0 | |
| Okavango Delta, Botswana | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3.6 | 0 | |
| Other | 5 | 22.7 | 24 | 28.6 | 17.2 | |
| Water contact | Swimming | 21 | 95.5 | 55 | 65.5 | 27.6 |
| Surfing | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3.6 | 0 | |
| Diving | 1 | 4.5 | 1 | 1.2 | 50.0 | |
| Wading | 4 | 18.2 | 24 | 28.6 | 14.3 | |
| Showering | 5 | 22.7 | 52 | 61.9 | 8.8 | |
| Drinking | 3 | 13.6 | 5 | 6.0 | 37.5 | |
| Signs or Symptoms | Signs or Symptoms (Y/N) | 7 | 31.8 | 17 | 20.2 | 29.2 |
| Rash | 3 | 13.6 | 8 | 9.5 | 27.3 | |
| Fever | 2 | 9.1 | 1 | 1.2 | 66.7 | |
| Tiredness | 4 | 18.2 | 12 | 14.3 | 25.0 | |
| Joint pain | 1 | 4.5 | 7 | 8.3 | 12.5 | |
| Headache | 2 | 9.1 | 5 | 6.0 | 28.6 | |
| Swelling | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Coughing | 3 | 13.6 | 2 | 2.4 | 60.0 | |
| Abdominal pain | 4 | 18.2 | 7 | 8.3 | 36.4 | |
| Haematuria | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1.2 | 0 | |
| Diarrhoea | 2 | 9.1 | 8 | 9.5 | 20.0 | |
| None of the above | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1.2 | 0 | |
| Eosinophils | Eosinophils tested (%) | 17 | 77.3 | 77 | 91.7 | |
| Positives (%) | 6 | 35.3 | 3 | 3.9 | ||
| Median (positives) | 0.79 | 0.53 | ||||
| Range | 0.5–0.88 | 0.51–0.86 | ||||
| IFA titres (range) | 512–>1024 | Neg. | ||||
| ELISA titres (range) | Neg.–1024 | Neg. | ||||
| Urine CAA (%) | 1/6 (16.6) | 0/3 | ||||
| Serum CAA (%) | 0/6 | 0/3 | ||||
aRisk defined as number of new cases of schistosomiasis confirmed by serology (IFA-AWA and ELISA-SEA) in a population at risk, divided by number of persons in that population at risk.