Fig 1. Patient enrollment, specimens collected, and molecular and serological test performed.

DENV NS1 antigen was detected by using SD Bioline NS1 rapid test while DENV RNA was detected using Simplexa Dengue Real-time RT-PCR Kit or pan-flavivirus RT-PCR. CHIKV RNA was detected using pan-alphavirus RT-PCR. Anti-JEV and anti-DENV IgM was detected by ELISA, while neutralizing antibodies against JEV and DENV were detected by plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT).