Table 2. Stigma and the smoking environment at school among adolescents in seven European cities: Results of multilevel linear regression for the SILNE R study, 2016.
| Stigmatization (mean score = 1.43 std = 0.38) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | |
| β (StdErr) | β (StdErr) | |
| Smoking status (ref = non-smokers) | ||
| Occasional | -0.071** (0.008) | -0.062** (0.009) |
| Weekly | -0.146** (0.010) | -0.128** (0.012) |
| Mean STP score per school (0–10) | 0.005 (0.006) | 0.003 (0.005) |
| % of weekly smokers in the school | -0.002* (0.001) | 0.000 (0.001) |
| Weekly smoking among peers (%) | -0.141** (0.015) | -0.057** (0.017) |
| Academic performance (ref = high) | ||
| Average | -0.038** (0.007) | -0.022* (0.008) |
| Low | -0.070** (0.009) | -0.038** (0.010) |
| Parents’ education (ref = high) | ||
| Medium | 0.040** (0.009) | 0.038** (0.009) |
| Low | 0.002 (0.009) | 0.011 (0.010) |
| Unknown | 0.003 (0.029) | 0.014 (0.035) |
| School variance component | 0.006* (0.000) | 0.007* (0.000) |
For linear regression, we determined an average stigma score by adding together all scores for the four Likert items and dividing by four, using only occasional and weekly smokers in these analyses. In Model 1, using school as a random variable, we controlled for gender, country, and age and each covariate was included once. In Model 2, all covariates are included together.
* P-value < 0.05;
**P-value < 0.001