Table 3.
Mechanisms of autoimmune manifestation following different viral infections
| Molecular mechanisms | Viruses | Autoimmune diseases |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular mimicry | Coxsackievirus | Type 1 diabetes mellitus |
| Cytomegalovirus | Multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes mellitus, anti-β2 glycoprotein-1 antibody | |
| Enterovirus | Type 1 diabetes mellitus | |
| Epstein-Barr virus | Grave’s disease, Hashimoto’s disease, multiple sclerosis | |
| Hepatitis C virus | Immune thrombocytopenia, autoimmune hepatitis, polyarthritis | |
| Herpes simplex virus | Human herpes encephalitis | |
| Human T-lymphotropic virus-1 | Myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis | |
| Influenza | Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis | |
| Measles virus | Multiple sclerosis | |
| Theiler’s virus | Multiple sclerosis | |
| Varicella-Zoster virus | Multiple sclerosis | |
| West Nile virus | Myasthenia gravis | |
| Zika virus | Guillain-Barré syndrome | |
| Chikungunya virus | Symmetric polyarthritis | |
| Cytomegalovirus | Rheumatoid arthritis, SLE | |
| Epstein-Barr virus | Rheumatoid arthritis | |
| Hepatitis C virus | SLE, porphyria cutanea tarda | |
| Bystander effect | Hepatitis C virus | Vasculitis, cryoglobulinemia, Sjogren Syndrome, thrombocytopenia |
| Enteroviruses | Type 1 diabetes mellitus | |
| Herpes simplex virus | Stromal keratitis | |
| Human Herpesvirus 6A | Thyroiditis | |
| Human immunodeficiency virus | Autoantibodies in AIDS | |
| Influenza | Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis | |
| Persistent infection and polyclonal activation | Epstein-Barr virus | Lymphoproliferation |
| Hepatitis C virus | Mixed cryoglobulinemia |
AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, SLE systemic lupus erythematosus