Table 3.
Molecular mechanisms | Viruses | Autoimmune diseases |
---|---|---|
Molecular mimicry | Coxsackievirus | Type 1 diabetes mellitus |
Cytomegalovirus | Multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes mellitus, anti-β2 glycoprotein-1 antibody | |
Enterovirus | Type 1 diabetes mellitus | |
Epstein-Barr virus | Grave’s disease, Hashimoto’s disease, multiple sclerosis | |
Hepatitis C virus | Immune thrombocytopenia, autoimmune hepatitis, polyarthritis | |
Herpes simplex virus | Human herpes encephalitis | |
Human T-lymphotropic virus-1 | Myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis | |
Influenza | Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis | |
Measles virus | Multiple sclerosis | |
Theiler’s virus | Multiple sclerosis | |
Varicella-Zoster virus | Multiple sclerosis | |
West Nile virus | Myasthenia gravis | |
Zika virus | Guillain-Barré syndrome | |
Chikungunya virus | Symmetric polyarthritis | |
Cytomegalovirus | Rheumatoid arthritis, SLE | |
Epstein-Barr virus | Rheumatoid arthritis | |
Hepatitis C virus | SLE, porphyria cutanea tarda | |
Bystander effect | Hepatitis C virus | Vasculitis, cryoglobulinemia, Sjogren Syndrome, thrombocytopenia |
Enteroviruses | Type 1 diabetes mellitus | |
Herpes simplex virus | Stromal keratitis | |
Human Herpesvirus 6A | Thyroiditis | |
Human immunodeficiency virus | Autoantibodies in AIDS | |
Influenza | Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis | |
Persistent infection and polyclonal activation | Epstein-Barr virus | Lymphoproliferation |
Hepatitis C virus | Mixed cryoglobulinemia |
AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, SLE systemic lupus erythematosus