Table 3. Covariate-adjusted odds ratios from logistic regression models of non-utilization, N=20,366.
| No physician visit | No physician visit due to cost | Did not fill prescription due to cost | |
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Self-reported socially assigned race (ref: White) | |||
| African American | 1.16 (.73, 1.82) | .66 (.48, .92)b | .95 (0.63, 1.43) |
| Hispanic | 1.31 (.90, 1.89) | 1.24 (.88, 1.76) | 1.13 (.78, 1.64) |
| Other | 1.27 (.87, 1.84) | 1.11 (.74, 1.67) | .78 (.47, 1.30) |
| How often you think of your race (ref: hardly) | |||
| Often | .85 (.65, 1.11) | .89 (.68, 1.17) | 1.15 (.87, 1.52) |
| Frequent | .88 (.62, 1.25) | 1.06 (.77, 1.44) | 1.34 (.93, 1.93) |
| Quality of experience while seeking health care, in comparison to other races (ref: same or better) | |||
| Worse | 1.07 (.65, 1.78) | 2.59 (1.57, 4.26) b | 1.52 (.88, 2.61) |
| Physical symptomsa because of treatment due to race (ref: No) | |||
| Yes | 1.16 (.66, 2.03) | 2.58 (1.65, 4.03) b | 2.1 (1.24, 3.58) b |
| Emotionally upset because of treatment due to race (ref: No) | |||
| Yes | .75 (.44, 1.27) | 1.47 (1.02, 2.11) b | 1.37 (.92, 2.04) |
| Insurance status (ref: insured) | |||
| Uninsured | 2.63 (1.98, 3.49) b | 4.02 (3.11, 5.21) b | 1.78 (1.31, 2.41) b |
| Income (ref: >$50,000) | |||
| $35,000 - 50,000 | 1.41 (1.06, 1.87) b | 1.80 (1.32, 2.44) b | 1.94 (1.40, 2.68) b |
| $25,000 - <35,000 | .93 (.62, 1.41) | 3.02 (2.26, 4.04) b | 3.13 (2.15, 4.58) b |
| $15,000 - <25,000 | 1.47 (1.07, 2.01) b | 2.81 (2.07, 3.80) b | 3.07 (2.23, 4.23) b |
| < $15,000 | 1.71 (1.16, 2.52) b | 3.86 (2.68, 5.57) b | 4.38 (2.98, 6.42) b |
| Employment status (ref: employed) | |||
| Not employed | .86 (.67, 1.09) | .87 (.69, 1.11) | .82 (.63, 1.06) |
| No. of personal physicians (ref: 1 physician) | |||
| >1 personal physician | .91 (.61, 1.36) | 1.46 (1.04, 2.05) b | 1.42 (.98, 2.05) |
| No personal physician | 3.62 (2.91, 4.50) b | 1.27 (1.00, 1.62) b | 1.03 (.80, 1.35) |
| Medical bills (ref: no medical bills) | |||
| Medical bills | .45 (.34, .59) b | 3.13 (2.57, 3.82) b | 2.63 (2.38, 3.69) b |
a. For example, a headache, an upset stomach, tensing of muscles, or a pounding heart.
b. Values are statistically significant at an alpha <.05.
Models also included the following covariates: sex, age, education, married status, preventive health services utilization, body mass index, days in poor physical health, days in poor mental health. The results for these covariates are available from the authors upon request.