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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol. 2019 Oct 23;12(2):e1595. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1595

FIGURE 5.

FIGURE 5

(a) Structure of a prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) theranostic agent that carries a prodrug enzyme to convert 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) that is detected by 19F MRS and siRNA to downregulate choline kinase (Chk) that results in a decrease of total choline detected by 1H MRSI. (b) Increased retention of the theranostic agent in a PSMA expressing tumor compared to a non-PSMA expressing tumor. (c) Functional changes in tumor metabolism detected by 1H MRSI, and the formation of the cytotoxic drug 5-FU from 5-FC in the tumor detected by 19F MRS. Adapted with permission from (Z. Chen et al., 2012)