TABLE 4.
Summary of the individual information extracted from each included randomized clinical trial evaluating the effectiveness of probiotics in dairy products on CMD in subjects with T2D1
| Significant results | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Author, year | Study design, duration (country) | Gender, age (y) | n (I/PL) | ITT | Intervention (IG) (type of admin.—probiotic strain—CFU/d) | Control group | Compared with | Fasting insulin (μIU/mL) | HOMA-IR | HbA1c (%) | Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | Plasma CRP (mg/L) |
| Added to yogurt matrix | ||||||||||||
| Rezaei et al. (58) | R, DB, PC, 4 wk (Iran) | M and W, 35 to 69 | 90 (45/45) | No | Yogurt with L. acidophilus La5, B. lactis BB12 (n.d.) | PL yogurt | End vs BL (IG) | — | — | ↓0.40 | ↓0.89 | P > 0.05 |
| Between interv. | — | — | −0.60 | −1.23 | −0.34 | |||||||
| Mohamadshahi et al. (46) | R, DB, CT, PC, 8 wk (Iran) | M and W, 42 to 56 | 42 (21/21) | No | Yogurt with L. acidophilus La-5, B. lactis BB-12 (3.7 × 106) | PL yogurt | End vs BL (IG) | — | — | ↓1.15 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 |
| Between interv. | — | — | −0.91 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | |||||||
| Ejtahed et al. (59) | R, DB, CT, PC, 6 wk (Denmark) | M and W, 30 to 60 | 60 (30/30) | No | Yogurt with L. acidophilus La5 (7.23 × 106), B. lactis BB12. (6.04 × 106) | PL yogurt | End vs BL (IG) | P > 0.05 | — | P > 0.05 | ↓0.70 | — |
| Between interv. | P > 0.05 | — | −0.42 | −0.88 | — | |||||||
| Added to FD matrix | ||||||||||||
| Naito et al. (50) | R, DB, PC, PG, 8 wk (Japan) | M and W, 20 to 64 | 100 (50/50) | No | FM with L. casei Shirota YIT 9029. (>1.0 × 1011) | PL non-FM | End vs BL (IG) | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | ↓0.05 | P > 0.05 | — |
| Between interv. | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | — | |||||||
| Tonucci et al. (60) | R, DB, PC, PG, 6 wk (Brazil) | M and W, 35 to 60 | 45 (23/22) | No | FM with L. acidophilus La-5, B. animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 (2 × 109) | PL FM | End vs BL (IG) | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | ↓0.67 | P > 0.05 | — |
| Between interv. | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | −0.98 | P > 0.05 | — | |||||||
| Hove et al. (52) | R, DB, PC, 12 wk (Denmark) | M, 40 to 70 | 41 (23/18) | No | FM with L. helveticus Cardi04 (n.d.) | PL FM | End vs BL (IG) | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 |
| Between interv. | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | −0.90 | P > 0.05 | |||||||
| Ostadrahimi et al. (56) | R, DB, PC, 8 wk (Iran) | M and W, 35 to 65 | 60 (30/30) | No | Kefir with L. casei, L. acidophilus, B. lactis (n.d.) | Dough | End vs BL (IG) | — | — | ↓1.21 | ↓1.24 | — |
| Between interv. | — | — | P > 0.05 | −1.17 | — | |||||||
n = 7. The difference between interventions was calculated by performing subtraction of the difference between end and baseline of each intervention. (End vs BL) indicated the difference between end and baseline of intervention group. If the result was statistically significant, the difference was shown; if the result was statistically nonsignificant was shown, P > 0.05. Admin, administration; BL, baseline; CG; control group; CMD, cardiometabolic disease; CRP, C-reactive protein; CT, controlled trial; DB, double-blind; FM, fermented milk; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; I, intervention; IG, intervention group; ITT, intention-to-treat; M, men; n.d., no data; PC, placebo-controlled; PG, parallel, group; PL, placebo; R, randomized; T2D, type 2 diabetes; W, women; —, indicates that the study does not evaluate this parameter.