TABLE 7.
Summary of the individual information extracted from each included randomized clinical trial evaluating the effectiveness of probiotics in powder or capsules on CMD in subjects with obesity1
| Study design, duration (country) | Intervention (IG) (type of admin.—probiotic strain—CFU/d) | Significant results | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study (ref) | Gender, age (y) | n (I/PL) | ITT | Control group | Compared with | BW (kg) | BMI (kg/m2) | WC (cm) | BFM (kg) | BF (%) | VFA (cm2) | SCFA (cm2) | ||
| Khalili et al. (66) | R, DB, PC, PG, 8 wk (Iran) | M and W, 60 to 50 | 40 (20/20) | No | Capsules with Lactobacillus casei (108) | PL powder | End vs BL (IG) | ↓1.20 | ↓0.485 | ↓2.15 | — | — | — | — |
| Between interv. | −1.52 | −0.84 | −1.77 | — | — | — | — | |||||||
| Kim et al. (67) | R, DB, PC, 12 wk (Korea) | M and W, 20 to 75 | 90 (30/30/30) | No | I1. Capsules with L. gasseri BNR17 (109) | PL powder | End vs BL (I1) | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | — | — | — | — |
| I2. Capsules with L. gasseri BNR17 (1010) | PL powder | End vs BL (I2) | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | — | — | — | — | |||||
| Between interv. (I1 vs CG) | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | — | — | P > 0.05 | — | |||||||
| Between interv. (I2 vs CG) | −4.4 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | — | — | −21.6 | — | |||||||
| Kobyliak et al. (68) | R, DB, PC, PG, 8 wk (Ukraine) | M and W, 18 to 75 | 53 (31/22) | No | Powder with 14 probiotic strains of Lactobacillus + Lactococcus (6 × 1010), Bifidobacterium (1 × 1010), Propionibacterium (3 × 1010), Acetobacter (1 × 10) | PL powder | End vs BL (IG) | ↑0.94 | ↑0.26 | ↑0.75 | — | — | — | — |
| Between interv. | +0.79 | P > 0.05 | +0.62 | — | — | — | — | |||||||
| Minami et al. (69) | R, DB, PC, PG, 12 wk (Japan) | M and W, 20 to 64 | 80 (40/40) | No | Capsules with B. breve B-3 (2 × 1010) | PL powder | End vs BL (IG) | — | P > 0.05 | ↓1.0 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 |
| Between interv. | — | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | −0.6 | −0.7 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | |||||||
| Pedret et al. (70) | R, DB, PC, PG, 12 wk (Spain) | M and W, >18 | 126 (42/44/40) | Yes | I1. Capsules with B. animalis subsp. lactis CECT 8145 (1 × 1010) | PL powder | End vs BL (I1) | — | ↓0.34 | ↓1.74 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 |
| I2. Heat-killed B. animalis subsp. lactis CECT 8145 (1 × 1010) | PL powder | End vs BL (I2) | — | P > 0.05 | ↓1.88 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | |||||
| Between interv. (I1 vs CG) | — | −0.43 | −1.88 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | |||||||
| Between interv. (I2 vs CG) | — | P > 0.05 | −1.66 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | −7.01 | P > 0.05 | |||||||
| Szulinska et al. (71) | R, DB, PC, PG, 12 wk (Poland) | W, 45 to 70 | 81 (27/27/27) | No | I1: Powder of Ecologic® Barrier: B. bifidum W23, B. lactis W52, L. acidophilus W37, L. bravis W63, L. casei W56, L. salivarius W24, L. lactis W19 and W58 (1 × 1010) | PL powder | End vs BL (I1) | — | P > 0.05 | −0.54 | −0.22 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | −0.83 |
| I2. Powder of Ecologic® Barrier (2.5 × 109) | PL powder | End vs BL (I2) | — | P > 0.05 | ↓ 1.06 | ↓ 0.62 | ↓ 0.54 | ↓0.58 | ↓0.99 | |||||
| Between interv. (I1 vs CG) | — | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | |||||||
| Gomes et al. (72) | R, DB, PC, PG, 8 wk (Brazil) | W, 20 to 59 | 43 (21/22) | No | Powder of Danisco®: L. acidophilus LA-14, L. casei LC-11, L. lactis LL-23, B. bifidum BB-06, B. lactis BL-4 (2 × 1010) | PL powder | End vs BL (IG) | ↓0.98 | ↓0.45 | ↓5.14 | ↓1.34 | — | — | — |
| Between interv. | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | −1.81 | P > 0.05 | — | — | — | |||||||
| Mahadzir et al. (73) | R, DB, CT, PG, 4 wk (Malaysia) | M and W, 18 to 50 | 24 (12/12) | No | Powder of L. acidophilus, L. casei, L. lactis, B.bifidum, B. longum, B. infantis (60 × 109) | PL powder | End vs BL (IG) | P > 0.05 | — | P > 0.05 | — | — | — | — |
| Between interv. | P > 0.05 | — | P > 0.05 | — | — | — | — | |||||||
| Mobini et al. (74) | R, DB, PC, PG, 12 wk (Sweden) | M and W, 50 to 75 | 44 (14/15/15) | No | I1. Powder of L. reuteri DS17938 (1 × 1010) | PL powder | End vs BL (I1) | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | — | — | — |
| I2. L. reuteri DS17938 (1 × 108) | PL powder | End vs BL (I2) | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | — | — | — | |||||
| Between interv. | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | — | — | — | |||||||
| Sabico et al. (75) | R, DB, PC, 12 wk (Saudi Arabia) | M and W, 30 to 60 | 61 (31/30) | Yes | Powder of Ecologic® Barrier (2.5 × 109) | PL powder | End vs BL (IG) | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | — | — | — | — | — |
| Between interv. | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||
| Firouzi et al. (76) | R, DB, PG, PC, 12 wk (Malaysia) | M and W, 30 to 70 | 136 (68/68) | Yes | I1. Powder of L. acidophilus, L. casei, L. lactis, B. bifidum, B. longum, B. infantis. (6 × 1010) only in men | PL powder | End vs BL (I1) | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | — | — | — | — |
| I2. Same I1 powder only in women | PL powder | End vs BL (I2) | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | ↓2.00 | — | — | — | — | |||||
| Between interv. | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | — | — | — | — | |||||||
| Higashikawa et al. (77) | R, DB, PC, PG, 12 wk (Japan) | M and W, 20 to 70 | 62 (21/21/20) | Yes | I1. Powder of Pediococcus pentosaceus LP28, living | PL powder | End vs BL (I1) | — | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | ↓0.51 | — | — |
| I2. Powder of P. pentosaceus LP28, heat-killed (1 × 1011) | PL powder | End vs BL (I2) | — | P> 0.05 | ↓1.83 | ↓1.77 | ↓ 1.03 | |||||||
| Between interv. (I2 vs CG) | — | P > 0.05 | −2.84 | −1.17 | −1.11 | — | — | |||||||
| Jung et al. (78) | R, DB, PC, 12 wk (Korea) | M and W, 20 to 65 | 95 (49/46) | No | Powder of L. curvatus HY7601 and L. plantarum KY1032 (5 × 109) | PL powder | End vs BL (IG) | ↓0.65 | ↓0.24 | ↓0.50 | — | — | P > 0.05 | ↓3.60 |
| Between interv. | −1.0 | −0.3 | P > 0.05 | — | — | P > 0.05 | −8.10 | |||||||
| Chung et al. (20) | R, DB, PC, 12 wk (Korea) | M and W, 25 to 65 | 37 (18/19) | No | Capsules of Lactobacillus JBD301 (1 × 109) | Vegetable cream capsule | End vs BL (IG) | ↑0.31 | ↑0.32 | — | P > 0.05 | — | — | — |
| Between interv. | −1.46 | −1.33 | — | P > 0.05 | — | — | — | |||||||
| Minami et al. (79) | R, DB, PG, PC, 12 wk (Japan) | M and W, 40 to 69 | 44 (19/25) | No | Capsules of B. breve B-3 (5 × 1010) | PL capsules | End vs BL (IG | ↑0.20 | P > 0.05 | — | ↓0.70 | ↓1.00 | — | — |
| Between interv. | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | — | ↓0.1 | P > 0.05 | — | — | |||||||
| Jung et al. (80) | R, DB, PC, 12 wk (Korea) | M and W, 19 to 60 | 62 (29/23) | Yes | Capsules of L. gasseri BNR17 (1 × 1010) | PL capsules | End vs BL (IG) | P > 0.05 | ↓0.60 | ↓2.00 | — | P > 0.05 | — | — |
| Between interv. | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | — | P > 0.05 | — | — | |||||||
| Aller et al. (81) | R, DB, PC, 12 wk (Spain) | M and W, 39 to 59 | 28 (14/14) | No | Tablet of L. bulgaricus, Streptococcus thermophiles (5 × 108) | PL tablet | End vs BL (IG) | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | — | P > 0.05 | — | — | — |
| Between interv. | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | — | P > 0.05 | — | — | — | |||||||
1
n = 17. The difference between interventions was calculated by performing subtraction of the difference between end and baseline of each intervention. (End vs BL) indicated the difference between end and baseline of intervention group. If the result was statistically significant, the difference was shown; if the result was statistically nonsignificant was shown, P > 0.05. admin., administration; BF, body fat; BFM, body fat mass; BL, baseline; BW, body weight; CG, control group; CMD, cardiometabolic disease; CT, controlled trial; DB, double-blind; I, intervention IG, intervention group; ITT, intention-to-treat; M, men; PC, placebo-controlled; PG, parallel-group; PL, placebo; R, randomized; ref, reference; SCFA, subcutaneous fat area; VFA, visceral fat area; W, women; WC, waist circumference; —, indicates that the study does not evaluate this parameter.