TABLE 8.
Summary of the individual information extracted from each included randomized clinical trial evaluating the effectiveness of probiotics in powder or capsules on CMD in subjects with T2D1
| Study design, duration (country) | Intervention (CFU/d) (IG) (type of admin.—probiotic strain—CFU/d) | Significant results | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study (ref) | Gender, age (y) | n (I/PL) | ITT | Control group | Compared with | Fasting insulin (μIU/mL) | HOMA-IR | HbA1c (%) | Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | Plasma CRP (mg/L) | ||
| Razmpoosh et al. (82) | R, DB, PC, PG, 6 wk (Iran) | M and W, 30 to 75 | 68 (34/34) | No | Capsules with Lactobacillus acidophilus (2 × 109), L. casei (7 × 109), L. rhamnosus (1.5 × 109), L. bulgaricus (2 × 108), Bifidobacterium breve (3 × 1010), B. longum (7 × 109), Streptococcus thermophiles (1.5 × 109) | PL capsules | End vs BL (IG) | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | — | ↓17.8 | — |
| Between interv. | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | — | P > 0.05 | — | |||||||
| Sabico et al. (83) | R, DB, PC, PG, 24 wk (Saudi Arabia) | M and W, 30 to 60 | 96 (48/48) | Yes | Powder with Ecologic®Barrier. (2.5 × 109) | PL powder | End vs BL (IG) | ↓3.8 | ↓3.4 | — | ↓4.5 | ↓2.9 |
| Between interv. | P > 0.05 | −0.34 | — | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | |||||||
| Kassaian et al. (84) | R, DB, PC, PG, 24 wk (Iran) | M and W, 35 to 75 | 120 (40/40/40) | No | Freeze-dried powder with L. acidophilus, B. lactis, B. bifidum, and B. longum. (1 × 109) | PL powder | End vs BL (IG) | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | ↓6.49 | — |
| Between interv. | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | — | |||||||
| Khalili et al. (66) | R, DB, PC, PG, 8 wk (Iran) | M and W, 30 to 50 | 40 (20/20) | No | Capsules with L. casei. (108) | PL powder | End vs BL (IG) | ↓2.33 | ↓29.72 | P > 0.05 | ↓28.35 | — |
| Between interv. | −3.12 | −32.31 | P > 0.05 | −28.32 | — | |||||||
| Kobyliak et al. (68) | R, DB, PC, PG, 8 wk (Ukraine) | M and W, 18 to 75 | 53 (31/22) | No | Powder with 14 alive probiotic strains of Lactobacillus + Lactococcus (6 × 1010), Bifidobacterium (1 × 1010), Propionibacterium (3 × 1010), Acetobacter (1 × 10) genera | PL powder | End vs BL (IG) | P > 0.05 | — | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | — |
| Between interv. | P > 0.05 | — | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | — | |||||||
| Hsieh et al. (85) | R, DB, PC, PG, 9 wk (Taiwan) | M and W, 25 to 70 | 74 (25/25/24) | No | I1. Capsules with L. reuteri ADR-1 (4 × 109) | PL powder | End vs BL (I2) | — | — | — | — | — |
| I2. Capsules with Heat-killed L. reuteri ADR-3 (2 × 1010) | PL powder | End vs BL (I2) | — | — | — | — | — | |||||
| Between interv. (I1 vs CG) | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | |||||||
| Between interv. (I2 vs CG) | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | |||||||
| Raygan et al. (86) | R, DB, PC, PG, 12 wk (Iran) | M and W, 40 to 85 | 60 (30/30) | No | Capsules with B. bifidum (2 × 109), L. casei (2 × 109), L. acidophilus (2 × 109) | PL capsules | End vs BL (IG) | — | — | — | — | — |
| Between interv. | −2.09 | −0.50 | — | −20.02 | −0.88 | |||||||
| Mobini et al. (74) | R, DB, PC, PG, 12 wk (Sweden) | M and W, 50 to 75 | 44 (14/15/15) | No | Powder with L. reuteri DS17938. (1 × 108) | PL powder | End vs BL (IG) | — | — | P > 0.05 | — | P > 0.05 |
| Between interv. | — | — | P > 0.05 | — | P > 0.05 | |||||||
| Sabico et al. (75) | R, DB, PC, 12 wk (Saudi Arabia) | M and W, 30 to 60 | 61 (31/30) | Yes | Powder with Ecologic® Barrier. (2.5 × 109) | PL powder | End vs BL (IG) | ↓3.00 | ↓3.20 | — | ↓3.20 | — |
| Between interv. | P > 0.05. | P > 0.05 | — | P > 0.05 | — | |||||||
| Firouzi et al. (76) | R, DB, PG, PC, 12 wk (Malaysia) | M and W, 30 to 70 | 136 (68/68) | Yes | Powder with L. acidophilus, L. casei, L. lactis, B. bifidum, B. longum, B. infantis. (6 × 1010) | PL powder | End vs BL (IG) | ↓2.90 | P > 0.05 | ↓0.14 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 |
| Between interv. | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | |||||||
| Mazloom et al. (21) | R, SB, 6 wk (Iran) | M and W, 25 to 65 | 34 (16/18) | No | Capsules with L. acidophilus, L. bulgaricus, L. bifidum, L. casei. (n.d.) | Magnesium stearate | End vs BL (IG) | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | — | — | — |
| Between interv. | P > 0.05 | P > 0.05 | — | — | — | |||||||
n = 11. The difference between interventions was calculated by performing subtraction of the difference between end and baseline of each intervention. (End vs BL) indicated the difference between end and baseline of intervention group. If the result was statistically significant, the difference was shown; if the result was statistically nonsignificant was shown, P > 0.05. admin., administration; BL, baseline; CG, control group; CMD, cardiometabolic disease; CRP, C-reactive protein; CT, controlled trial; DB, double-blind; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; ITT, intention-to-treat; IG, intervention group; M, men; n.d., no data; PC, placebo-controlled; PG, parallel-group; PL, placebo; R, randomized; ref, reference; T2D, type 2 diabetes; W, women; —, indicates that the study does not evaluate this parameter.