Table 1.

Monitoring indicators for food production systems performance disruption

Productivity factors		Data types and sources
Internal farm factors	Labor	• Spatially-explicit family labor opportunity costs and hired labor costs. Studies of hired labor availability and scarcity.
	Resource supply and management factors	• Spatially-explicit farmer-survey based diagnostic studies of farmers’ ability to supplement external inputs of nutrients with regenerative agricultural techniques, (e.g., productive options for low-external input agriculture, with coupling to pest management techniques) • Comprehensive studies of access to water and irrigation resources at the farm level • Inventories of farm machinery and equipment • Inventories of animal, fish, and poultry stock and productivity levels
Internal or external	Seed	• Seed replacement rates and seed availability studies for key varieties at the farmer level • Seed stock reserves available with public and private agencies and seed demand forecasts. Seed production information from key hybrid seed suppliers
External inputs	Fertilizers	• Current fertilizer stock and price information, and sufficiency assessment at the manufacturer, distributor, retailer levels, coupled with production forecasts at the manufacturer level • Fertilizer import data and fertilizer demand estimates • Global fertilizer production and shipment data from international agencies, e.g., from the International Fertilizer Association
	Pest control products	• Availability and prices of key pesticides, veterinary and aquacultural medicines sourced from surveys at the farmer, input retailer, manufacturer, and import-broker levels • Import country mapping of the supply chain for widely used products to facilitate an understanding of possible disruptions (if countries are dependent on imports for particular products) • Feasibility studies for alternative products (e.g., locally available biopesticides or biocontrol agents if pest threats are severe and availability of the chemicals are limited)
	Livestock and aquaculture	• Studies at the input dealer and industry level on the availability and costs of animal feed, fingerlings, brood stock, chicks, calves and heifers • Information on production figures from hatcheries compared to normal volumes
Agricultural services	Farm machinery	• Readiness of machinery factories in shipping new and anticipated orders for machines and parts • Cost and service type data from agricultural machinery service providers, dealers, manufacturers, and importers indicating the availability and prices for four-wheel and two-wheel tractors, transplanters, seed drills, irrigation pumps, harvesters and reapers, and post-harvest equipment • Diagnostic surveys providing time-series data on the prevailing cost and payment modality for services from these machineries to farmer-clients • In the case of irrigation and harvesting services, remotely sensed data on areas with localized water deficits and area of mature and harvested crop fields (to target services delivery)
	Extension	• Comprehensive databases of governmental, NGO and private sector extension agents with contact information including telephone number, email, social media identification • Inventory of extension agent specializations
	Logistics	• Panel data on cost and vehicle availably data from courier services, trucking and shipping companies • Agricultural goods and equipment import and export records, including the rate at which imports clear for distribution after arrival in ports
	Credit and capital	• Credit disbursal data from commercial and agricultural banks, micro finance institutions, and informal banking sources • Farm level data related to cash liquidity and credit availability for purchasing inputs
Processing and marketing	Processing and mills	• Time series data on the volume, costs of processing, and sales of processed goods • Studies to assess the degree to which imports of processed goods and feed can be substituted • Data on milk purchases by processing companies and prices
	Output market	• Data from wholesale traders and middlemen, data from feed and grain mills • Monthly international price data published by USDA and/or FAO, in addition to other sources • Consumer level price data on cereals, vegetables, milk, meat, fish and poultry