Fig. 4. Ketamine mediates prophylactic effects on depression-related behavior in adolescent male mice (postnatal day 45).

a When compared to CON’s [non-stressed], vicarious defeat stress (VDS/vehicle)- and social defeat stress (SDS/vehicle)-exposed mice displayed decreases in social interaction ratios, b without altering locomotor activity (p > 0.05). c Conversely, ketamine exposure (after each defeat episode) prevented the stress-induced reductions of social behavior across the groups (p > 0.05). d No differences in locomotor activity (distance traveled) were noted between the stress and ketamine-pretreated groups (n = 10 per group). *p < 0.05 when compared to CON.