TABLE 1.

Overview of anti-TGF-β therapies based on antisense oligonucleotides used in cancer clinical trials.

Drug (Target)	Clinical trial (Phase)	Status	Cancer type	Patients enrolled	Arms	Outcomes
AP 12009 (TGF-β2)	NCT00431561 (Phase II)	Completed	Glioblastoma and anaplastic astrocytoma	141	AP 12009 (10 μM) AP 12009 (80 μM) Temozolomide or procarbazine, lomustine, and vincristine	Improved PFS Improved OS (Results for responders regardless drug concentration administered)
AP 12009 (TGF-β2)	NCT00761280 (Phase III)	Terminated	Glioblastoma and anaplastic astrocytoma	27	AP 12009 (10 μM) Temozolomide or carmustine or lomustine	NA
AP 12009 (TGF-β2)	NCT00844064 (Phase I)	Completed	Melanoma, pancreatic and colorectal neoplasms	62	Single-arm: AP 12009 (dose escalation)	NA

PFS, progression-free survival; OS, overall survival. NA, not available.