Table 1.

Summary of postulated endocrine‐disrupting chemicals and their common use

Postulated EDC	Common uses/exposure
Bisphenol A	Manufacture of polycarbonate plastics, used in food packaging, water containers, dental sealants
Phthalates	Plasticizers, used in packaging, personal care products, industrial plastics, medical devices, pharmaceuticals.
Parabens (eg, butylparaben)	Preservative, found in food, cosmetics, toiletries, medications
Nonylphenol ethoxylates	Detergents, paint, pesticides, personal care products, plastics
Tributyltin chloride	Consumer goods and industrial products
Genistein	Soy derived products
Silver nanoparticles	Antibiotics, burn wound dressings, surgical devices, prosthetic bones
Perfluoroalkyl compounds	Carpets, textiles, paper
Triclosan	Personal care, household, industrial, and veterinary products
Octylphenol	Sewage, farm animals’ tissues grazed on sewage‐contaminated ground
Microcystin‐LR	Freshwater
Chlorotriazine herbicides (eg, atrazine)	Herbicide, ground water
Insecticides	Fresh produce, bioaccumulation in the environment
Glyphosate	Herbicide
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane	Pesticide
Vinclozolin	Fungicide used in fruit and vegetables
Benzo[a]pyrene	Formed from incomplete combustion of organic material, for example, diesel exhaust, cigarette smoke, charcoal cooked food, cooking oil fumes, industrial waste by‐products
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons	Environmental pollutant from incomplete combustion of coal, petrol, oil, and wood
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers	Flame retardants used in building materials, furnishings, electronics
Dioxins	By‐products of chlorine bleaching of pulp and paper, manufacture of certain pesticides, and incineration of medical waste and plastics