Table 1.

Characterization and function of stem cells

Ref.	Marker	Cell	Function	Species
Worthley et al[45]	Gremlin 1+	Osteochondroreticular stem cell	Generate osteoblasts, chondrocytes and reticular marrow stromal cells but not adipocytes	Mouse
Chan et al[46]	CD45−Ter119−Tie2− AlphaV+Thy−6C3− CD105−CD200+	Skeletal stem cells (mSSCs)	Bone cartilage and stromal progenitor	Mouse
Chan et al[47]	PDPN+CD146-CD73+CD164+	Skeletal stem cells (hSSCs)	Response to skeletal injury; express potential hematopoiesis-supportive cytokines	Human
Debnath et al[48]	CTSK-mGFP+CD200+CD105−	Periosteal stem cells (PSCs)	Form bone in an intramembranous manner	Mouse
Scott et al[9]	Hypermethylated in cancer 1 (Hic1) +	Mesenchymal progenitors (MPs)	Provide stage-specific immunomodulation and trophic and mechanical support	Mouse
Merrick et al[51]	Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4)/CD26+	Mesenchymal cells	Give rise to ICAM1+ and CD142+ committed preadipocytes that can differentiate into mature adipocytes	Mouse
Schwalie et al[52]	CD142+	Adipose stem cells	Suppress adipocyte formation in a paracrine manner	Mouse