Table 1.
Summary of utilized photocatalysts for various viral disinfection.
| Photocatalyst | Virus | Operational condition |
Light source | Disinfection efficiency | Type of virus | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Catalystloading(mg/L) | Virus level(PFU*/mL) | ||||||
| TiO2 | Phage MS2 | 1000 | 6 × 104 | UV | 2.8-log in 65 min | waterborne | [41] |
| TiO2 | Phage MS2 | 1000 | 6 × 105 | 18 W BLB* lamp | 1.8-log in 180 min | waterborne | [61] |
| TiO2 | Bacteriophage Qβ | 1000 | 1 × 106 | UV lamp | 3.5-log in 2 min | waterborne | [64] |
| TiO2 | Phage f2 | 1000 | 1010–1011 | 6 W black light lamp | 6-log in 15 min | waterborne | [78] |
| TiO2 | Influenza virus | No data | 4.0 × 108 | 1 mW black light | Eliminated in 5 min | airborne | [83] |
| TiO2 | Influenza virus | No data | 0.0 or 0.1 mg ml−1 | 20 W black light | 4-log in a short irradiation time | airborne | [84] |
| TiO2 | H1N1 | No data | No data | UV-LED lamp | Eliminated in 7 min | airborne | [85] |
| TiO2 | MNV-1 | No data | No data | UV lamp | 3.2-log in 10 min | foodborne | [91] |
| TiO2 | MNV-1 | No data | No data | UV lamp | >5.5-log in 15 min | foodborne | [95] |
| TiO2 | MS-2 bacteriophage | No data | 2 × 105 | 4 W BLB lamp | 2-log in 109 min | waterborne | [96] |
| TiO2 | Phage f2 | 100 | >20 | 4 W UV-Clamp | 5–6-log in 160 min | waterborne | [97] |
| TiO2 | Murine norovirus | 10 | 1 × 108 | UV lamp | 3.3-log in 24 h | waterborne | [98] |
| Pd-TiO2 | MS2 | No data | 2.30 (±1.27) × 108 | VUV | 90% in 0.009 s | airborne | [18] |
| Cu-TiO2 nanofibers | Bacteriophage f2 | 50 | 1 × 104 | Xe lamp | 4.0-log in 120 min | waterborne | [46] |
| Fe, Mg, and Mn-loaded TiO2 | H1N1 | No data | 100 μl | Fluorescent lamp | 99% in 30 min | airborne | [86] |
| Cu-TiO2 nanofibers | Bacteriophage f2 | 10 | 1 × 108 | Xe lamp | > 5-log in 240 min | waterborne | [99] |
| Mn-TiO2 | Phage MS2 | 100 | 1 × 105 | 150 W Xe ozone-free lamp | 4-log in 60 min | waterborne | [100] |
| TiO2/β-SiC | T2 Bacteriophage | No data | 6 × 106 | 56 LEDs | 3-log in 60 min | airborne | |
| TiO2/CuO films | Phage T4 | No data | 8 × 109 | 40 W UVA lamp | 9.9-log in 80 min | waterborne | [50] |
| SiO2-TiO2 | Phage MS2 | 100 | 3 × 107 | 8 W UVA lamp | 5-log in 1.8 min | waterborne | [71] |
| nAg/TiO2 | Phage MS2 | 100 | 3 × 107 | 8 W UVA lamp | 9.9-log in 80 min | waterborne | [76] |
| g-C3N4 | Phage MS2 | 150 | 1 × 108 | 300 W Xe lamp | 8-log in 300 min | waterborne | [79] |
| g-C3N4 | Phage MS2 | 135.4 | 1 × 108 | Xe lamp | 8-log in 240 min | waterborne | [101] |
| Ag3PO4/g-C3N4 | bacteriophage f2 | 100 | 3 × 107 | 8 W UVA lamp | 6.5-log in 80 | waterborne | [49] |
| g-C3N4/EP* | MS2 | 0.06 | 1 × 108 | 300 W Xe lamp | 8-log in 240 min | waterborne | [102] |
| O-g-C3N4/HTCC* | HAdV-2 | 3 | No data | 7 W white LED* lamp | 5-log in 120 min | waterborne | [13] |
| TiON/PdO | Phage MS2 | 100 | 3 × 108 | 1000 W Xe arc lamp | 1.5-log in 60 min | waterborne | [69] |
| G-WO3 films | Phage MS2 | No data | 2 × 106 | Mercury lamp | 5.9-log in 180 min | waterborne | [103] |
| FeO | Phage MS2 | 5 | 1 × 106 | Simulated solar | 5-log in 30 min | waterborne | [104] |
| C60/SiO2 | Phage MS2 | 300 | 5 × 106 | UVA, FL*, BLB | [UV]: 3.55-log in 75 min[FL]: 2.8-log in 75 min[BLB]: 2.3-log in 75 min | waterborne | [105] |
| C70/SiO2 | Phage MS2 | 300 | 3 × 108 | Vis, Sunlight | [Vis]: 4.35-log in 90 min[Sunlight]: 4.4-log in 90 min | waterborne | [106] |
| Rh-SrTiO3 | Phage Qβ | 3000 | 5 × 107 | Vis | 5-log in 120 min | waterborne | [107] |
[*]: PFU = plaque forming unit; HRV-Wa = human rotavirus type 2 Wa; Xe = Xenon; BLB = black-light-blue; EP = expanded perlite; FL = Fluorescent light; HTCC = Hydrothermal carbonation carbon; LED = Light emitting diode.