TABLE 2.

Impact of covid‐19 on diabetes and obesity based on various studies

Impact of covid‐19 on diabetes	Evidence	References	Infectious disease reviewed
Glucose dysregulation	Established	24, 78, 79, 167‐169	Influenza, CMV infection, COVID‐19
Isolation‐related irregular lifestyles
Enhanced stress state
Acute responses to pneumonia
Disease‐related gastrointestinal symptoms
Metabolic disturbance associated with infection
Cause new‐onset diabetes	Postulated	79, 81‐86	Chicken pox, SARS
Damage pancreas and liver through ACE2
Impact of covid‐19 on obesity
Change in body weight	Postulated	120, 121, 163‐172	Adenovirus infection
Increase in MCP‐1 activated by NF‐kB
Suppression of leptin production
Downregulation of the adipocyte genes
Increase in glucose uptake by fat cells
Modulation of hypothalamic monoamines
Isolation‐related irregular lifestyles
Enhanced stress state
Cause metabolic imbalance	Postulated	121, 167‐169	Influenza, CMV infection
Virus‐induced IFN‐γ downregulates insulin receptor
Increase in glycolytic rate
Reduction in mitochondrial PDC activity
Decrease in ATP production

Abbreviations: ACE 2, angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; CMV, cytomegalovirus; COVID‐19: coronavirus disease 2019; IFN‐γ, interferon‐γ; IR, insulin resistance; MCP‐1, macrophage chemoattractant protein I; NF‐κB: nuclear transcription factor kappa B; PDC, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex; SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome;