| Bahareh Abtahi‐Naeini |
Frequent handwashing amidst the COVID‐19 outbreak: prevention of hand irritant contact dermatitis and other considerations
34
|
Eczema |
Not reported |
Frequent use of emollients/ Use soap‐free cleanser; synthetic detergents have a neutral or slightly acidic pH and have relatively high free fatty acid content/ Use alcohol‐based cleansers or other antibacterial hand rub/ Use lukewarm water (45°C‐50°C)/ Use paper towels drying of hands after washing instead electric air dryers/ Apply an ointment‐based emollient during work time after hand washing and after work, at home/ Avoid a water‐based moisturizer/ Avoid coming into direct contact with chemicals that are used for surface disinfection/ Use anti‐inflammatory topical medication under the supervision of a specialist
|
| irritant |
Not reported |
| contact dermatitis |
Not reported |
| methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization |
Not reported |
| Pingping Lin |
Adverse skin reactions among health care workers during the coronavirus disease 2019 Outbreak: A survey in Wuhan and Its surrounding regions
35
|
occupational contact dermatitis |
31.5% |
|
| dryness or scales |
68.6% |
| papules or erythema |
60.4% |
| maceration |
52.9% |
| Patruno, Cataldo |
The role of occupational dermatology in the COVID‐19 outbreak
36
|
dryness, irritation, itching, and even fissuring and bleeding |
Not reported |
|
| hand dermatitis |
Not reported |
| maceration |
Not reported |
| Pei, S. |
Occupational skin conditions on the frontline: A survey among 484 Chinese health care professionals caring for COVID‐19 patients
37
|
various degrees of pruritus |
61.8% |
Not reported |
| Mild pruritus |
45.5% |
| Moderate pruritus |
15.1% |
| Severe pruritus |
1.2% |
| various skin lesions |
73.1% |
| erythema |
38.8% |
| prurigo |
22.9% |
| blisters |
13.8% |
| rahagades |
13.6% |
| papule/edema |
12.8% |
| exudation/crust |
6.8% |
| lichenification |
5.6% |
| Scratch |
11.7% |
| Bin Zhang |
COVID‐19 epidemic: Skin protection for health care workers must not be ignored
38
|
indentations, ecchymosis, maceration, abrasion and erosion |
Not reported |
Shorter rotating shifts/ Soap‐based cleansers and synthetic cleansers can be used/ Excessive washing of the skin and repeated application of disinfectants (eg, bleach and alcohol) should be avoided/ should check whether there is excessive pressure when using the PPE If there are eczema‐like changes, a glucocorticoid cream or ointment can be applied topically/ When ulcers followed by secondary bacterial or fungal infections occur, an antibiotic ointment or antifungal drug may be applied on the skin lesions and covered with wound dressings/ dry skin alleviated by non‐irritating creams or emulsions containing urea or ceramide with long moisturizing time./
|
| blisters and itching and bleeding |
Not reported |
| dermatitis and folliculitis. |
Not reported |
| fungal infections |
Not reported |
| desquamation, rhagades |
Not reported |
| eczema‐like changes |
Not reported |
| ulcers followed by secondary bacterial or fungal infections |
Not reported |
| Qixia Jiang |
The Prevalence, Characteristics, and Prevention Status of Skin Injury Caused by Personal Protective Equipment Among Medical Staff in Fighting COVID‐19: A Multicenter, Cross‐Sectional Study
39
|
Various type of Skin injury |
42.8% |
Medical staff wearing PPE should be replaced every 4 hours/ Controlling the sweat and moisture on the skin is very important/ Used prophylactic dressings and lotions to protect the skin/ Hydrocolloid dressing, oil, or cream to treat/ Train medical staff about knowledge of skin protection Protective products should be selected according to the guidelines, such as prophylactic dressings and fatty acid cream/ Develop various prophylactic dressings suitable for the head and face to effectively keep the moisture balance and protect skin/
|
| related pressure injuries |
30% |
| moist‐associated skin damage (redness, pain, itching, or prickling) |
1.8% |
| skin tear |
2% |
| related pressure injuries and moist‐associated skin damage |
78.8% |
| related pressure injuries and moist‐associated skin damage and skin tear |
13.2% |
| related pressure injuries and skin tear |
7.0% |
| moist‐associated skin damage and skin tear |
1.0% |
| Yan, Y. |
Consensus of Chinese experts on protection of skin and mucous membrane barrier for health care workers fighting against
coronavirus disease 2019
40
|
Erythema, dryness, scale, papules, maceration, erosion, contact dermatitis |
Not reported |
Apply hand cream every time after if possible. Emollients containing hyaluronic acid, ceramide, vitamin E or other repairing ingredients applying after long duration of using hand gloves. Urea‐containing emulsions are recommended in treating skin rhagadia. One layer of qualified latex gloves is adequate for skin protection, avoid wearing gloves for a long time and apply hand cream can reverse maceration. Hydropathic compress with 3% boric acid solution or normal saline or topical use of zinc oxide ointment is recommended for maceration and subsequent erosion and exudation. For contact dermatitis ones, use of cotton gloves inside latex gloves are encouraged, Moisturizers together with Topical glucocorticoid cream is recommended. Apply moisturizers or gel before wearing facial protective equipment to lubricate and reduce friction between skin and masks or goggles Management of mild skin indentation, blister and erosion include hydropathic compress with 3 to 4 layers of gauze soaked by cold water or normal saline for about 20 minutes each time every 2 to 3 hours and then applying moisturizers Antihistamines such as Cetirizine and Loratadine and antileukotriene agents if needed for delayed pressure urticaria. For severe pruritus oral antihistamine can be taken Management of skin dryness and scales is applying high‐potent moisturizers before and after wearing PPE Acne vulgaris apply moisturizers containing oil control ingredients before and after using of masks. Use topical antibiotic creams or benzoyl peroxide for mild papules and pustules, and topical retinoids creams for blackhead and whitehead. Severe acne vulgaris should be treated under the guidance of dermatologists in time
|
| Dirk M. Elston, MD |
Occupational skin disease among health care workers during the Coronavirus (COVID‐19) epidemic
5
|
Dermatitis |
97.0% |
|
| Teresa Oranges |
Reply to: “Skin damage among health care workers managing coronavirus disease‐2019”
41
|
Hand eczema, skin damage |
more than 60% |
Barrier film spray before wearing the medical devices/ Omental lipids cream/emulsion improving skin barrier function/ Non‐adherent dressings (soft silicone/paraffin use of thin hydrocolloid dressing for prevention pressure injuries on the nasal bridge in case of acute non‐invasive ventilation
|
| Jiajia Lan |
Skin damage among health care workers managing coronavirus disease‐2019
42
|
dryness/tightness and desquamation |
97.0% |
Not reported |
| Singh, M |
Overzealous hand hygiene during COVID‐19 pandemic causing increased incidence of hand eczema among general population
43
|
Hand eczema, erythema, scaling and vesiculation |
Not reported |
|
