Table 1.
Comparison of five types of bioprinting techniques.
| Parameters | Inkjet | Laser | Extrusion | Stereolithography | Microfluidic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Printing process | Serial (drop by drop) | Serial (dot by dot) | Serial (line by line) | Parallel and continuous (projection based) | Organ-on-a-chip |
| Cost | Low | High | Medium | Low | Low |
| Cell viability | >85% | >95% | 40–80% | >85% | >80% |
| Print speed | Fast | Medium | Slow | Fast | Fast |
| Supported viscosities | 3.5–12 mPa/s | 1–300 mPa/s | 30–6 × 107 mPa/s | No limitation | 0–30 Pa/s |
| Resolution | High | High | Medium | High | High |
| Cell density | Low | Medium | High | Medium | High |
| Representative materials | alginate, collagen | collagen, alginate | alginate, GelMA, collagen | GelMA | collagen, alginate, gelatin |
| References | [18,30,69,78,79] | [18,69,80,81] | [18,69,82,83] | [69,74,75,84] | [51,65,77,85] |