Table 3.
Major growth factors, cytokines and chemokines that participate in wound healing.
| Signaling Molecules | Cell | Function |
|---|---|---|
| EGF | PLs, MPs, FBs, KCs | Reepithelialization, Angiogenesis [124,125,126] |
| FGF | KCs, MCs, FBs, ECs, SMCs, CCs | Granulation tissue formation, Reepithelialization, Tissue remodeling [127,128,129] |
| TGF-β | PLs, KCs, MPs, FBs | Inflammation, Angiogenesis, Granulation tissue formation, Reepithelialization, Tissue remodeling [130,131,132] |
| PDGF | PLs, KCs, MPs, ECs, FBs | Inflammation, Granulation tissue formation, Angiogenesis, Reepithelialization, Tissue remodeling [133,134] |
| VEGF | PLs, NPs, MPs, ECs, SMCs, FBs | Inflammation, Angiogenesis, Granulation tissue formation [135] |
| CTGF | FBs | Granulation tissue formation, Reepithelialization, Tissue remodeling [136] |
| CM-CSF | KCs | Inflammation, Angiogenesis, Reepithelialization [137] |
| IL-1 | NPs, MOs, MPs, KCs | Inflammation, Reepithelialization [138] |
| IL-6 | NPs, MPs | Inflammation, Reepithelialization [128] |
| TNF-α | NPs, MPs | Inflammation, Reepithelialization [128] |
| CXCL1 | NPs | Reepithelialization [139] |
| CXCL8 | KCs, LCs | Reepithelialization, Tissue remodeling [139] |
| CXCL10 | KCs | Inflammation [140] |
| CXCL12 | ECs, KCs, MFBs | Inflammation, Angiogenesis, Reepithelialization [140] |
| CCL2 | KCs | Inflammation [141] |
PLs: Platelets, MPs: Macrophages, FBs: Fibroblasts, KCs: Keratinocytes, MCs: Mast cells, ECs: Endothelial cells, SMCs: Smooth muscle cells, CCs: Chondrocytes, LCs: Leukocytes, NPs: Neutrophils, MOs: Monocytes, MFBs: Myofibroblasts.