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. 2020 May 29;12(6):1237. doi: 10.3390/polym12061237

Table 4.

Materials, cell encapsulation, bio-factors, crosslinker, bioink types, bioprinting technology of the bioink products for skin printing recently.

Materials Cell Encapsulation Bio-Factors/Crosslinker Bioink Type Bioprinting Technology Ref.
Alg, Gel FBs FBS/CaCl2, EDC, NHS Ionic, thermo-sensitive Extrusion [29]
Alg, CNF, GelMA, fibrinogen FBs FBS/CaCl2, thrombin Ionic, photosensitive Inkjet [93]
Gel, Alg EPC, DH FBS, EGF/CaCl2 Ionic, thermo-sensitive Extrusion [82]
Alg, honey FBs FBS/CaCl2, Ionic Extrusion [149]
Col, Alg FBs, KCs FBS, KGS/CaCl2, EDC Ionic Extrusion [150]
Pectin, CS, CD, propolis FBs FBS Ionic Extrusion [151]
Gel, Alg FBs FBS/CaCl2 Thermo-sensitive, ionic Inkjet [27]
Fibrinogen, Gel FBs FBS/Thrombin Thermo-sensitive - [104]
Gel, Alg, fibrinogen FBs, KCs CaCl2, thrombin Thermo-sensitive, ionic Extrusion [152]
Col, Gel FBs FBS, FGS/NaHCO3 Thermo-sensitive Inkjet [153]
Fibrinogen, Gel, Gly, HA KCs, MCs, FBs, pACs, FDPC, DMEC FBS, EGF, FGF, VEGF, IGF/Thrombin Thermo-sensitive Extrusion [154]
Fibroin, Gel FBs, KCs FBS, FGF, EGF/Ty Thermo-sensitive Extrusion [155]
Pectin FBs, KCs FBS/CA Photosensitive Extrusion [114]
Pectin FBs CaCl2, MA Photosensitive, ionic Extrusion [156]
Fibroin, PEG4A FBs, KCs FBS/NVP Photosensitive Stereolithography [157]
GelMA, PEG FBs FBS/NVP Photosensitive Stereolithography [158]
PEG FBs, KCs FBS Photosensitive Inkjet [159]
Col FBs, KCs FBS/NaHCO3 Shear thinning Inkjet [20]
Col FBs, KCs FBS, FGS, KGS/NaHCO3 Shear thinning Inkjet [30]
Col, Alg FBs, KCs - Shear thinning Microfluidic [51]
Col, Alg, fibrinogen, HA FBs, KCs CaCl2, thrombin Shear thinning, ionic Microfluidic [65]
GelMA, Col FBs, KCs, MCs FBS/Ty Shear thinning, photosensitive Extrusion [91]
CS, HA, Col KCs Ty Shear thinning Extrusion [92]
Col, Alg FBs, KCs FBS/CaCl2 Shear thinning, ionic Laser [83]
Col, Gel FBs, KCs FBS, KGS Shear thinning, thermo-sensitive Extrusion, inkjet [160]
Col FBs, KCs, MCs FBS, KGS, MGS/NaHCO3 Shear thinning Laser [79]
Col FBs, KCs, MCs FBS, KGS, MGS, FGS Shear thinning Inkjet [116]
Col FBs, KCs FBS Shear thinning Laser [161]
Col FBs, KCs FBS, FGS, KGS/EDC Shear thinning Extrusion [162]
Col, fibrinogen AFS, MSCs FBS/Thrombin Shear thinning Extrusion [94]
dECM FBs, KCs, ASC, EPC, MNC FBS, KGS, VEGF, FGF, EGF, IGF dECM, thermo-sensitive Inkjet, extrusion [122]
dECM FBs FBS dECM, thermo-sensitive Inkjet [84]
dECM FBs FBS dECM, thermo-sensitive Extrusion [23]
dECM FBs FBS/EDC dECM, thermo-sensitive Extrusion [81]

Alg: (sodium) Alginate, Gel: Gelatin, GelMA: Gelatin methacrylate, CNF: Cellulose nanofiber, Col: Collagen, CS: Chitosan, CD: Cyclodextrin, HA: Hyaluronic acid, PEG: Polyethylene glycol, PEG4A: Four-arm polyethylene glycol acrylate, Gly: Glycerol, dECM: Decellularized extracellular matrix, FBs: Fibroblasts, KCs: Keratinocytes, MCs: Melanocytes, EPC: Endothelial progenitor cell, DH: Dermal homogenates, pACs: Pre-adipocytes, FDPC: Follicle dermal papillae cell, DMEC: Dermal microvascular endothelial cell, AFS: Amniotic fluid-derived stem, MSCs: Marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, MNC: Mononuclear cell, ASC: Adipose mesenchymal stem cell, FBS: Fetal bovine serum, KGS: Keratinocyte growth supplement, FGS: Fibroblast growth supplement, MGS: Melanocyte growth supplement, EGF: Epidermal growth factor, VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor, FGF: Fibroblast growth factor, IGF: Insulin-like growth factor, EDC: 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl aminopropyl) carbodiimide, NHS: N-Hydroxysuccinimide, CA: Carbic anhydride, MA: Methacrylic anhydride, NVP: N-vinylpyrrolidone, Ty: Tyrosine.