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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Psychosom Res. 2019 May 22;123:109730. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2019.05.008

Table 1.

Differences in Self-Reported Sleep, Actigraphy, and Pain Outcomes

Full Sample Mean (SD) TMJD (n=40)1 Mean (SD) HC (n=22)2 Mean (SD) t p Cohen’s D
Demographics and Pain Description
Age 29.47 (6.58) 30.40 (6.19) 27.77 (7.07) 1.52 .29 0.40
% Female 85.5 87.5
Race
  Caucasian 80.6 90.0 63.6 - - -
  African American 6.5 2.5 13.6 - - -
  Asian American 4.8 2.5 9.1 - - -
  Mixed/Other 8.1 5.0 13.6 - - -
% Married 35.5 47.5 13.6 - - -
Pain Duration (in years) - 7.71 (5.71) - - - -
Pain Severity
  Mild n, (%) - 16 (40.0%) - - - -
  Moderate n, (%) - 23 (57.5%) - - - -
  Severe n, (%) - 1 (2.5%) - - - -
Self-Report Measures
Sleep Surveys
 PSQI (range) 6.68 (3.62) 7.90 (3.12) 4.45 (3.46) 4.00 <.001 1.05
 ISI Total (0–28) 6.92 (5.00) 8.83 (4.36) 3.45 (4.22) 5.37 <.001 1.25
 PROMIS SRI (range) 17.03 (4.84) 18.70 (4.93) 13.86 (2.63) 4.19 <.001 1.22
 PROMIS SD (range) 21.15 (5.14) 22.43 (4.30) 18.71 (5.82) 2.83 .006 0.73
Sleep Diary
 Sleep Quality (0–5) 3.49 (0.55) 3.32 (0.48) 3.79 (0.56) 3.49 <.001 0.90
 Restfulness (0–5) 3.04 (0.68) 2.83 (0.59) 3.43 (0.68) 3.62 <.001 0.94
Actigraphy Measures
Total Sleep Time (minutes) 414.70 (45.78) 413.80 (44.01) 416.36 (49.99) 0.21 .84 0.05
Sleep Efficiency (%, 0–100) 82.60 (5.58) 82.81 (5.70) 82.21 (5.45) 0.36 .69 0.11
Wake After Sleep Onset (minutes) 40.53 (14.23) 37.98 (14.27) 45.26 (13.21) 1.93 .058 0.53
Pain Outcomes
Average Cold Pain Intensity (0–100) 59.68 (25.13) 65.81 (21.65) 47.99 (27.61) 2.77 .007 0.72
Situational Pain Catastrophizing (range) 2.75 (1.24) 2.95 (1.25) 2.39 (1.16) 1.71 .09 0.46

Abbreviations: HC = Healthy controls; ISI = Insomnia Severity Index; PROMIS = Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System; PSQI = Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; TMJD = Temporomandibular joint disorder; SRI = Sleep-Related Impairment; SD = Sleep Disturbance.

Note:

1

One participant from the TMJD group did not complete actigraphy data, leaving 39 cases available for analysis of objective sleep measures in that group.

2

One participant in the HC group did not return for a second visit, leaving 21 cases available for analysis in that group on all measures except for PSQI and ISI which were collected at visit one.