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. 2020 Jul 14;18:97. doi: 10.1186/s12951-020-00655-w

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — a Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image showing the flake-like morphology of the graphene oxide (GO). b Size distribution of the GO flakes measured by an electric potential-based spectrophotometer. The size distribution showed the majority of GO was smaller than 100 μm. c FTIR adsorption spectra of chemical ingredients involved in the GO and bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BPM2)-GO: A peak value of 1800/cm confirms that carboxyl (C=O) played a key role in the BPM2-GO. d Coexistence of chondrocytes with GO: The quantity of cells around the GO increased in 10 day in the cell co-culture group