Table 2.
Pre-labour and during labour factors predictors of dissatisfaction of childbirth (n = 674)
| Predictors | Beta | B (95% CI) | P | Beta | B (95% CI) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Pre-labour predictors* | ||||||
| Constant | – | 29.7 (27.9 to 31.5) | < 0.001 | – | – | – |
| Primiparous | − 0.215 | − 2.8 (− 3.8 to − 1.8) | < 0.001 | – | – | – |
| Sexual violence during pregnancy | − 0.179 | − 3.7 (− 5.4 to − 2.0) | < 0.001 | – | – | – |
| Gestational age of 400–416 w (Ref: 370–396) | − 0.138 | − 1.9 (− 2.8 to − 0.9) | < 0.001 | – | – | – |
| Woman preference for Cesarean section | − 0.112 | − 2.1 (− 3.6 to − 0.5) | 0.003 | – | – | – |
| Emotional violence during pregnancy | − 0.105 | − 1.5 (− 2.7 to − 0.3) | 0.012 | – | – | – |
| No attendance at birth preparation classes | − 0.096 | − 2.0 (− 3.6 to − 0.5) | 0.009 | – | – | – |
| Perceived insufficient household income | − 0.084 | − 1.1 (− 2.1 to − 0.1) | 0.025 | – | – | – |
| 2. During-labour predictors† | Excluded woman fear | Excluded woman anxiety state | ||||
| Constant | – | 31.4 (30.7 to 32.2) | < 0.001 | – | 31.6 (30.7 to 32.4) | < 0.001 |
| Sever anxiety state (Ref: mild) | −0.455 | − 6.0 (− 6.9 to − 5. 2) | < 0.001 | – | – | – |
| Labour dystocia | − 0.301 | − 3.9 (− 4.7 to − 3.1) | < 0.001 | − 0.382 | − 4.9 (− 5.7 to − 4.1) | < 0.001 |
| High fear | – | – | – | − 0.239 | − 3.1 (− 3.8 to − 2.5) | < 0.001 |
| Moderate anxiety state (Ref: mild) | −0.236 | −3.5 (− 4.2 to − 2.8) | < 0.001 | – | – | – |
| Insufficient support by staff | −0.139 | −2.7 (− 3.4 to − 1.9) | < 0.001 | −0.177 | −3.1 (− 3.91 to − 2.3) | < 0.001 |
| Mode of Birth (Ref: vaginal with no episiotomy/no tear) | ||||||
| Vaginal birth with episiotomy and tear | − 0.139 | −3.8 (− 4.9 to − 2.5) | < 0.001 | −0.158 | −4.3 (− 5.6 to − 3.0) | < 0.001 |
| Emergency cesarean section | − 0.113 | − 2.9 (− 4.2 to − 1.7) | < 0.001 | − 0.134 | − 3.5 (− 4.8 to − 2.2) | 0.001 |
| Vaginal birth with episiotomy or tear | − 0.055 | − 0.8 (− 1.6 to − 0.1) | 0.034 | − 0.064 | − 1.0 (− 1.8 to − 0.1) | 0.021 |
| Labour induction with oxytocin | −0.098 | − 1.3)- 1.9 to − 0.7) | < 0.001 | −0.103 | −1.3)- 2.0 to − 0.7) | < 0.001 |
| Labour augmentation with oxytocin | – | – | – | − 0.076 | −1.1 (− 1.8 to − 0.3) | 0.004 |
| Woman dehydration (Ref: no dehydration) | ||||||
| Dehydration + 3 h | − 0.058 | −1.3 (− 2.3 to − 0.3) | 0.008 | −0.073 | −1.7 (− 2.7 to − 0.7) | 0.002 |
| Dehydration < 3 h | −0.045 | − 0.6 (− 1.2 to − 0.03) | 0.039 | −0.045 | − 0.6 (− 1.2 to 0.01) | 0.053 |
| 3. Overall predictors‡ | Excluded woman fear | Excluded woman anxiety state | ||||
| Constant | – | 31.4 (30.8 to 31.8) | < 0.001 | – | 31.3 (30.8 to 31.9) | < 0.001 |
| Severe anxiety state (Ref: mild) | −0.426 | −5.6 (− 6.5 to − 4.8) | < 0.001 | – | – | – |
| Labour dystocia | −0.324 | −4.2 (− 5.0 to − 3.4) | < 0.001 | −0.414 | −5.4 (− 6.15 to − 4.6) | < 0.001 |
| Moderate anxiety state (Ref: mild) | −0.222 | −3.3 (− 4.0 to − 2.6) | < 0.001 | – | – | – |
| High fear | – | – | – | − 0.239 | − 2.8 (− 3.4- to − 2.1) | < 0.001 |
| Insufficient support by staff | −0.157 | − 2.7 (− 3.5 to − 2.0) | < 0.001 | −0.183 | − 3.2 (− 3.10 to − 2.4) | < 0.001 |
| Mode of Birth (Ref: vaginal with no episiotomy/no tear) | ||||||
| Vaginal birth with episiotomy and tear | − 0.109 | − 2.9 (− 3.9 to − 1.9) | < 0.001 | − 0.123 | − 3.3 (− 4.4 to − 2.3) | < 0.001 |
| Emergency caesarean section | −0.076 | −2.0 (− 3.0 to − 1.0) | < 0.001 | −0.088 | −2.3 (− 3.3 to − 1.2) | < 0.001 |
| Primiparous | − 0.093 | −1.2 (− 1.7 to − 0.7) | < 0.001 | − 0.105 | −1.4 (− 1.9 to − 0.8) | < 0.001 |
| Labour induction | − 0.088 | −1.1)- 1.7 to − 0.5) | < 0.001 | − 0.098 | −1.3)- 2.0 to − 0.6) | < 0.001 |
| Labour augmentation | – | – | – | − 0.079 | −1.1 (− 1.8 to − 0.4) | 0.002 |
| Sexual violence during pregnancy | −0.060 | −1.2 (− 2.1 to − 0.4) | 0.003 | −0.062 | −1.3 (− 2.2 to − 0.4) | 0.004 |
| Woman dehydration + 3 h (Ref: no dehydration) | −0.047 | −1.1 (− 2.1 to − 0.1) | 0.029 | −0.049 | −1.1 (− 2.1 to − 0.2) | 0.022 |
| Woman dehydration < 3 h (Ref: no dehydration) | −0.036 | − 0.5 (− 1.1 to 0.07) | 0.099 | – | – | – |
Birth satisfaction was assessed by Iranian (Persian) version of the birth satisfaction scale-revised (IP-BSS-R) with range score of 0–40 (the higher score, the higher satisfaction)
All analysis were done using multiple linear regression model with backward strategy. Sidak was used to adjust for the multiple comparisons
* Adjusted for all other pre-labour variables with a relation of p < 0.2 in the univariate analysis (variables of attendance at pregnancy classes, parity, history of abortion, interval between previous childbirth, household income, planned pregnancy and physical violence were removed from the model). adjusted R2 = 0.137
† Adjusted for all during labour variables with a relation of p < 0.2 in the univariate analysis (variables of woman dehydration, labour augmentation, amniotomy, amnion sac status, fetal cardiogram condition, administeration of remifentanil and time of breastfeeding were removed from the model. Adjusted R2 = 0.749 when excluded fear and adjusted R2 = 0.717 when excluded woman anxiety variable
‡ Adjusted for all variables entered in the above models. Adjusted R2 = 0.756 when excluded fear and adjusted R2 = 0.725 when excluded woman anxiety variable