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. 2020 Jul 15;39:135. doi: 10.1186/s13046-020-01634-7

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — Luteolin reduces HCC proliferation by targeting THOC1 in vitro. a Molecular docking results of THOC1 with multiple traditional Chinese medicine. b Molecular structure of luteolin. c Image of molecular dynamics simulation visualizes the combination of luteolin with THOC1. d Immunostaining with R-loop (red) in PLC/PRF/5 cells treated with different concentrations of luteolin (0, 10, 20, and 40 μM) for 48 h. Median of the R-loop signal intensity per nucleus after nucleolar signal removal is shown (one-way ANOVA; ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001). Scale bar, 20 μm. e Immunofluorescence of γH2AX (green) in PLC/PRF/5 cells treated with different concentrations of luteolin (0, 10, 20, and 40 μM) for 48 h. Percentage of cells that contain > 5 γH2AX foci is shown (one-way ANOVA; *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001). Scale bar, 20 μm. f THOC1 and the proliferation marker (PCNA and Ki67) expressions in PLC/PRF/5 cells transfected with siNC and siTHOC1 plasmids, followed by separate treatment with DMSO or luteolin (20 μM) for 48 h. g Colony formation and (h) cell cycle assays in PLC/PRF/5 cells transfected with siNC and siTHOC1, followed by separate treatment with DMSO or luteolin (20 μM) for 48 h. The numbers of colonies and proportion of cell cycle phases were compared (one-way ANOVA; **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001)