Table 5.
Mean Difference (95% Confidence Interval) in Cognitive Outcomes Assessed using The Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI) per Log Unit Increase in Perfluoroalkyl Substances at 4 and 6 Years (n=302)
| Year 4 | Year 6 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Per | Ver | Full | Per | Ver | Full | |
| PFOS | ||||||
| Overall | −0.05 (−4.56, 4.46) | −0.19 (−4.5, 4.12) | −0.41 (−4.25, 3.43) | 2.81 (−2.29, 7.91) | 2.67 (−2.56, 7.9) | 2.81 (−1.84, 7.46) |
| Female | −0.32 (−6.14, 5.5) | 2.60 (−3.18, 8.38) | 1.13 (−4.04, 6.30) | 4.20 (−1.9, 10.3) | 4.15 (−2.08, 10.38) | 4.49 (−1.14, 10.1) |
| Male | 0.27 (−5.20, 5.74) | −3.44 (−12.7, 5.82) | −2.21 (−9.12, 4.70) | 1.16 (−5.51, 7.83) | 0.90 (−5.83, 7.63) | 0.80 (−5.02, 6.62) |
| P-Interaction | 0.87 | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.41 | 0.39 | 0.27 |
| PFOA | ||||||
| Overall | 0.64 (−4.12, 5.4) | 3.99 (−0.34, 8.32) | 2.50 (−1.15, 6.15) | −1.37 (−6.25, 3.51) | 3.02 (−2.49, 8.53) | 0.87 (−3.89, 5.63) |
| Female | 1.58 (−4.61, 7.77) | 5.97 (0.34, 11.6) | 4.17 (−0.87, 9.21) | −0.28 (−6.2, 5.64) | 4.03 (−2.93, 10.99) | 2.23 (−3.73, 8.19) |
| Male | −0.35 (−6.69, 5.99) | 1.92 (−4.76, 8.60) | 0.75 (−4.3, 5.8) | −2.50 (−11.3, 6.28) | 1.95 (−5.49, 9.39) | −0.56 (−6.82, 5.7) |
| P-Interaction | 0.64 | 0.29 | 0.33 | 0.59 | 0.61 | 0.45 |
| PFNA | ||||||
| Overall | −0.35 (−3.96, 3.26) | 0.21 (−3.18, 3.6) | −0.23 (−3.37, 2.91) | 1.42 (−2.32, 5.16) | 1.53 (−2.55, 5.61) | 1.55 (−2.12, 5.22) |
| Female | −0.61 (−4.84, 3.62) | 0.95 (−3.11, 5.01) | 0.1 (−3.62, 3.82) | 1.82 (−2.47, 6.11) | 1.83 (−2.72, 6.38) | 1.98 (−2.21, 6.17) |
| Male | 0.07 (−4.57, 4.71) | −0.99 (−5.92, 3.94) | −0.76 (−5.14, 3.62) | 0.79 (−3.78, 5.36) | 1.06 (−4.08, 6.2) | 0.85 (−3.56, 5.26) |
| P-Interaction | 0.79 | 0.43 | 0.70 | 0.66 | 0.75 | 0.61 |
| PFHxS | ||||||
| Overall | −2.45 (−5.9, 1) | 2.35 (−0.98, 5.68) | 0.04 (−2.78, 2.86) | −0.63 (−4.45, 3.19) | 0.24 (−3.48, 3.96) | −0.34 (−3.71, 3.03) |
| Female | −2.61 (−6.75, 1.53) | 2.90 (−1.24, 7.04) | 0.35 (−3.20, 3.90) | 0.27 (−3.9, 4.44) | 0.88 (−3.49, 5.25) | 0.57 (−3.13, 4.27) |
| Male | −2.24 (−9.44, 4.96) | 1.56 (−3.90, 7.02) | −0.41 (−4.84, 4.02) | −1.92 (−8.97, 5.13) | −0.7 (−6.46, 5.06) | −1.64 (−8.07, 4.79) |
| P-Interaction | 0.90 | 0.66 | 0.78 | 0.46 | 0.62 | 0.44 |
| PC1 | ||||||
| Overall | −0.28 (−1.77, 1.21) | 0.66 (−0.77, 2.09) | 0.16 (−1.07, 1.39) | 0.30 (−1.39, 1.99) | 0.81 (−0.93, 2.55) | 0.56 (−1.01, 2.13) |
| Female | −0.33 (−2.21, 1.55) | 1.42 (−0.46, 3.30) | 0.60 (−1.05, 2.25) | 0.79 (−1.19, 2.77) | 1.24 (−0.82, 3.30) | 1.11 (−0.73, 2.95) |
| Male | −0.20 (−2.30, 1.90) | −0.24 (−2.31, 1.83) | −0.35 (−2.35, 1.65) | −0.28 (−2.72, 2.16) | 0.29 (−1.94, 2.52) | −0.10 (−2.24, 2.04) |
| P-Interaction | 0.91 | 0.17 | 0.37 | 0.39 | 0.46 | 0.29 |
| PC2 | ||||||
| Overall | 0.89 (−1.93, 3.71) | −2.67 (−5.14, −0.20) | −1.16 (−3.37, 1.05) | 2.23 (−0.46, 4.92) | 0.16 (−2.7, 3.02) | 1.31 (−1.28, 3.9) |
| Female | 0.60 (−2.83, 4.03) | −2.38 (−5.34, 0.58) | −1.15 (−3.91, 1.61) | 2.10 (−1.04, 5.24) | 0.19 (−3.14, 3.52) | 1.24 (−1.8, 4.28) |
| Male | 1.29 (−2.92, 5.50) | −3.09 (−10.7, 4.49) | −1.19 (−5.38, 3.00) | 2.42 (−3.13, 7.97) | 0.13 (−3.29, 3.55) | 1.42 (−2.49, 5.33) |
| P-Interaction | 0.76 | 0.72 | 0.98 | 0.87 | 0.98 | 0.92 |
Models adjusted for maternal age, material hardship, parity, pre-pregnancy BMI, maternal IQ, maternal race, maternal education, family smoking status, child’s age at testing, child’s gestational age at birth, maternal demoralization, trimester on 9/11, child’s sex, and child’s breastfeeding history.
Abbreviations: full IQ (Full); perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS); perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA); perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS); perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA); performance IQ (Per); principal component (PC); verbal IQ (Ver)