CAD and AI for breast cancer—recent development and challenges

. 2019 Dec 13;93(1108):20190580. doi: 10.1259/bjr.20190580

Table 3(B). Studies using deep learning approach for mass detection and classification in mammography and other breast X-ray modalities.
Journal article	Year	Training set	Validation set	Independenttest set	CNN structure	Performance (validation or independent test)
Mass detection
Samala et al.³⁷	2016	2282 SFM & DM (2461 masses, 3173 FPs), 230 DBT vols (228 masses, 28330 FPs), 4-fold CV		94 DBT vols (89 masses)	Cuda-convNet: Stage 1 training with mammograms, Stage 2 fine-tuning with DBT	AUC(stage1 mam)=0.81; AUC(stage2 DBT)=0.90; FROC: Breast-based 91% sens at 1FP/vol
Kim et al.³⁸	2017	154 cases (616 DBT vol, 185M, 431N); 5-fold CV			ImageNet pre-pretrained VGG16 and LSTM depth directional long-term recurrent learning	AUC(DCNN)=0.871, AUC(DCNN + LSTM)=0.919
Jung et al.³⁹	2018	Private set: 350 pts (222 DMs) for second pretraining. INbreast: 115 pts (410 DMs), 5-fold CV			ImageNet-pretrained ResNet50 with a feature pyramid network (class subnet, box subnet)	FROC:Sens 0.94 at 1.3 FPI, Sens 0.97 at 3 FPI
Mass Classification
Arevalo et al.⁴⁰	2016	344 cases (736 images, 426B, 310M): 50% training, 10% validation		40%	CNN with one or two conv layers. Also ImageNet-pretrained DeCAF	AUC(CNN)=0.822; AUC(combined with hand-crafted features)=0.826; AUC(DeCAF)=0.79
Jiao et al.⁴¹	2016	300 images (150B, 150M)	300 images (150B, 150M)		Fine-tuning of ImageNet-pretrained AlexNet as feature extractor. Two SVM classifiers for mid-level level and hi-level features.	Accuracy = 96.7%
Dhungel et al.⁴²	2017	INBreast 115 cases, Detection: 410 images, Segmentation & classification: 40 cases (41B, 75M masses); 60% training, 20% validation		20%	Detection: multiscale deep belief network, a cascade of R-CNNs and random forest classifiers	FROC: 90% at 1FPI; AUC(DCNN features)=0.76; AUC(Manually marked mass)=0.91.
Sun et al.⁴³	2017	2400 ROIs (100 labeled, 2300 unlabeled)		758 ROIs	DCNN with three convolution layers	AUC = 0.8818, Accuracy = 0.8234
Antropova et al.⁴⁴	2017	DM: 245 masses (113B, 132M); 5-fold CV			ImageNet-pretrained VGG19 as feature extractor, SVM classifier	AUC(maxpool features)=0.81AUC(Fused with radiomic features)=0.86
Samala et al.⁴⁵	2017	SFM & DM 1335 views (ROI: 604M, 941B); 4-fold CV		SFM 907 views (ROI:453M, 456B)	ImageNet-pretrained AlexNet	AUC = 0.82
Kooi et al.⁴⁶	2017	Set 1: (1487M, 73102N); Set 2: (1108M, 696 cysts)	Set 1: (342M, 21913N), Set 2: nested CV		VGG-like DCNN pretrained with Set 1, used as feature extractor on Set 2. Gradient boosting trees classifier.	Malignant-vs-cysts classif. (CC + MLO): AUC(DCNN features)=0.78, AUC(with contrast features)=0.80
Jiao et al.⁴⁷	2018	DDSM 300 images	DDSM 150 images	DDSM 150 images; MIAS set	Joint model of ImageNet-pretrained AlexNet and fine-tuned as feature extractor and parasitic metric learning net.	Accuracy(DDSM)=97.4%; Accuracy(MIAS)=96.7%
Samala et al.⁴⁸	2018	SFM & DM 2242 views (ROI: 1057M, 1397B), DBT 230 vols (ROI: 590M, 550B); 4-fold CV		DBT 94 vols (ROI: 150M, 295B)	ImageNet-pretrained AlexNet, 2-stage transfer learning, pruning	AUC(with pruning)=0.90; AUC(without pruning)=0.88
Chougrad et al.⁴⁹	2018	1529 cases (6116 images) from DDSM, INbreast, BCDR; 5-fold CV		MIAS (113 images)	Compare ImageNet-pretrained VGG16, ResNet, InceptionV3	InceptionV3: AUC = 0.99, Accuracy = 98.23%
Al-masni et. al.⁵⁰	2018	DDSM 600 images (300M, 300B); 5-fold CV			ImageNet-pretrained DCNN with 24 convolutional layers (You-Only-Look-Once detection & classification)	AUC = 0.9645; Accuracy = 97%
Wang et al.⁵¹	2018	BCDR 736 images; 50% training, 10% validation		40%	Multiview-DCNN: ImageNet-pretrained InceptionV3 as feature extractor with attention map, Recurrent NN for classification	MV-DNN: AUC = 0.882, Accuracy = 0.828; MV-DNN + Attention map: AUC = 0.886, Accuracy = 0.846.
Al-antari et al.⁵²	2018	INbreast: 115 cases (410 DMs, 112 masses); 4-fold CV: 75% training, 6.25% validation		18.75%	Detection DCNN (Al-masni et al); segmentation by second DCNN, Classification by simplified AlexNet.	Detection accuracy = 98.96%,AUC(M-vs-B classification)=0.9478
Gao et al.⁵³	2018	SCNN: 49 CEDM cases; DCNN ResNet50: INbreast 89 cases; 10-fold CV			Shallow-deep CNN (SD-CNN): SCNN generated virtual CEDM of mass. Pretrained ResNet50 as feature extractors for 2-view virtual CEDM and DM, Gradient boosting trees classifier	AUC(DM)=0.87; AUC(DM + virtual CEDM)=0.92
Kim et al.⁵⁴	2018	DDSM (178M. 306B)	DDSM (44M, 77B)	DDSM (170M, 170B)	BI-RADS guided diagnosis network: ImageNet-pretrained VGG16, plus BI-RADS critic network and relevance score	AUC(with B-RADS critic network)=0.841; AUC(without BI-RADS critic network)=0.814
Perek et al.⁵⁵	2019	54 CESM cases with 129 lesions (56M, 73B); 5-fold CV			Fine-tuning (FT) ImageNet-pretrained AlexNet, RawNet without pretraining	Using deep features and BI-RADS features: AUC(FT-AlexNet)=0.907; AUC(RawNet)=0.901
Samala et al.⁵⁶	2019	SFM & DM 2242 views (ROI: 1057M, 1397B), DBT 230 vols (ROI: 590M, 550B); 4-fold CV		DBT 94 vols (ROI: 150M, 295B)	ImageNet-pretrained AlexNet, 2-stage transfer learning	AUC(one-stage fine-tuning with DBT)=0.85; AUC (two-stage fine-tuning with mammo then DBT)=0.91
Mendel et al.⁵⁷	2019	76 cases (2-view DM, DBT, synthetic SM) with 78 lesions (30M, 48B) including 34 masses, 15 ADs, 30 MC clusters; Leave-one-out CV			ImageNet-pretrained VGG19 as feature extractor, SVM classifier	Two-view AUC: all lesions DBT = 0.89, SM = 0.86, DM = 0.81; mass&AD DBT = 0.98; MC DBT = 0.97
Cancer detection (any lesion types)
Becker et al.⁵⁸	2017	Study 1: (95M, 95N); Study 2: (83M, 513N)	Study 1: (48M, 48N); Study 2: (42M, 257N)	Study 1: BCDR (35M, 35N); Study 2: (18M, 233N)	dANN from commercial “ViDi” image analysis software	AUC(Study 1)=0.79; AUC(Study 2)=0.82;
Carneiro et al.⁵⁹	2017	(1) classification: DDSM 86 cases; (2) detection & classif: INbreast 115 cases	(1) DDSM 86 cases; (2) INbreast 5-fold CV		ImageNet-pretrained ConvNet	Two-view AUC: (1) M-vs-B>0.9 or M-vs-(B + N)>0.9. (2) M-vs-B 0.78; M-vs-(B + N) 0.86
Kim et al.⁶⁰	2018	3101M, 23,530 normal cases (four views/case)	1238 cases (619M)	1238 cases (619M)	DIB-MG: (ResNet with 19 convolutional layers + 2-stage global-average-pooling layer)	AUC(M-vs-(B + N))=0.906
Ribli et al.⁶¹	2018	DDSM 2620 cases and private DM set 174 cases		INbreast 115 cases	Faster R-CNN: ImageNet-pretrained VGG16 with region proposal network for localizing target	Detection FROC: 90% sensitivity at 0.3 FPI; Classification AUC = 0.95
Aboutalib et al.⁶²	2018	DDSM 3294 images, private DM set 1734 images; 6-fold CV		private DM 100 images	ImageNet-pretrained AlexNet, pretrained with DDSM then fine-tuned with DM (best among other variaitons)	AUC(M-vs-recalled B)=0.80; AUC(M-vs-negative&recalled B)=0.74.
Akselrod-Ballin et al.⁶³	2019	9611 cases (1049M, 1903 biopsy negative, 247 BI-RADS3, 6412 normals)	1055 cases + 31 FNs	2548 cases + 71 FNs	InceptionResnetV2 without pretraining	AUC(predict M per breast with clinical data)=0.91; AUC(identify normal case per breast with clinical data)=0.85; Identify M in 48% of FNs of radiologists