Table 1.

Demographic Information by Program

	State PK	State PK – Special Education	Head Start	Tuition-based PS
Target population	Higher poverty and other risks	Higher poverty or special needs without regard to income	Higher poverty	Open to all; located on a university campus
Children (n)	23 assessed, 18 observed	38 assessed (about 80% IEPs), 14 observed	28 assessed, 27 observed	19 assessed, 9 observed
Teachers/Classrooms (n)	4	3	4	1
Teaching assistants or other adults in each classroom (n)	1	2–3	1	4–6
Average amount of time observed in minutes	113 (SD=7)	146 (SD=24)	148 (SD=19)	268 (SD=N/A)
Mean age (years; months)	4;8	4;10	4;6	5;3
Funding	State	State and Special education	Federal	Tuition, non-profit
Vocabulary (DSS)*	451	457	456	475
Early Literacy (GE)*	K.0	K.2	K.2	K.7
Other languages?	Spanish, Arabic, Vietnamese, and others	Spanish	Spanish and Vietnamese	None

^*Spring assessment.

Note. DSS= Developmental Scale Score. GE=Grade Equivalent. Vocabulary is a measure of vocabulary depth; Early Literacy is a measure of letter and letter sound knowledge, and word reading. A GE of −1.0 would indicate a child at the beginning of preschool, K.0 would indicate a child at the beginning of kindergarten, 1.0 would indicate a child at the beginning of first grade, etc.