Table 1. Characteristics of the study population.
|
S. haematobium negative (n = 32) |
S. haematobium positive (n = 39) |
P-value | Mean difference adjusted for age, sex, BMI and other helminths (95% CI) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) (mean, range) | 35.7 (18–63) | 34.5 (18–63) | 0.68 | ||
| Male (%) | 43.8 | 48.7 | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) (mean, SD) | 26.8 (6.9) | 25.6 (4.5) | 0.41 | ||
| S. haematobium urine eggs (median, IQR) | 0 (0–0) | 12 (4–63) | <0.001 | ||
| Other helminths (%) | 0 | 17.9 | |||
| Ascaris lumbricoides (%) | 0 | 2.6 | |||
| Trichuris trichiura (%) | 0 | 10.3 | |||
| Necator americanus (%) | 0 | 7.7 | |||
| Strongyloides (%) | 0 | 2.6 | |||
| TIgE (IU/L) (median, IQR)* | 6216 (1545–17478) | 10476 (6570–19740) | 0.034 | 3226 (-1584, 8035) | 0.19 |
| Eosinophils (%) (mean, SD)* | 10.3 (8.2) | 18.0 (9.6) | 0.011 | 7.1 (0.9, 13.4) | 0.025 |
| hs-CRP (mg/L) (median, IQR) | 1.91 (0.49–4.52) | 1.71 (0.68–4.07) | 0.78 | -0.12 (-0.81, 0.56) | 0.72 |
| ALAT (GPT, U/L) (mean, SD) | 19.2 (11.9) | 17.1 (9.3) | 0.42 | -3.3 (-8.4, 1.8) | 0.20 |
| ASAT (GOT, U/L) (mean, SD) | 26.4 (10.1) | 24.2 (7.0) | 0.29 | -2.9 (-7.0, 1.2) | 0.16 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) (mean, SD) | 4.61 (1.06) | 4.52 (0.67) | 0.66 | -0.14 (-0.57, 0.28) | 0.51 |
| Insulin (mU/L) (median, IQR) | 4.45 (2.74–7.21) | 4.54 (2.91–9.62) | 0.91 | 0.06 (-0.43, 0.55) | 0.81 |
| C-peptide (nmol/L) (median, IQR) | 0.41 (0.32–0.61) | 0.36 (0.27–0.62) | 0.59 | -0.05 (-0.38, 0.27) | 0.75 |
| HOMA-IR (median, IQR) | 0.94 (0.52–1.32) | 1.00 (0.57–1.80) | 0.87 | 0.06 (-0.45, 0.58) | 0.80 |
| TC (mmol/L) (mean, SD) | 4.42 (0.84) | 4.01 (0.81) | 0.037 | -0.30 (-0.68, -0.08) | 0.11 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) (mean, SD) | 1.44 (0.40) | 1.18 (0.31) | 0.003 | -0.24 (-0.43, -0.06) | 0.009 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) (mean, SD) | 2.56 (0.73) | 2.50 (0.78) | 0.74 | -0.04 (-0.31, 0.38) | 0.84 |
| TG (mmol/L) (mean, SD) | 0.93 (0.50) | 0.72 (0.21) | 0.031 | -0.20 (-0.39, -0.03) | 0.022 |
Normally distributed data are presented as means +/- standard deviation (SD) and non-normally distributed data as median +/- interquartile range (IQR). Adjusted mean difference for TIgE, hs-CRP, Insulin, C-peptide, and HOMA-IR were anti-log transformed.
*, some values are missing (n = 31 in Sh- for TIgE; n = 18 in Sh- and n = 30 in Sh+ for eosinophils).Abbreviations: BMI: body mass index, TIgE: total immunoglobulin E, hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, ALAT: alanine aminotransferase, ASAT: aspartate aminotransferase, HOMA-IR: HOmeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance, TC: total cholesterol, HDL-C: high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, LDL-C: low density lipoprotein cholesterol, TG: triglycerides.