Table 2. Characteristics of the study population stratified according to body mass index.
| BMI <25 | BMI >25 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
S. haematobium negative (n = 17) |
S. haematobium positive (n = 22) |
P-value | Mean difference adjusted for age, sex and other helminths (95% CI) | P-value |
S. haematobium negative (n = 15) |
S. haematobium positive (n = 17) |
P-value | Mean difference adjusted for age, sex and other helminths (95% CI) | P-value | |
| Age (year) (mean, range) | 34.3 (18–63) | 34.5 (18–58) | 0.96 | 37.4 (19–49) | 34.5 (18–63) | 0.45 | ||||
| Male (%) | 41.2 | 50.0 | 46.7 | 47.1 | ||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) (mean, SD) | 21.6 (2.4) | 22.2 (1.8) | 0.40 | 0.8 (-0.7, 2.2) | 0.30 | 32.6 (5.6) | 30.0 (3.0) | 0.11 | -2.8 (-5.8, 0.2) | 0.06 |
| S. haematobium urine eggs (median, IQR) | 0 | 10 (4–62) | <0.001 | 0 | 30 (5–59) | <0.001 | ||||
| Other helminths (%) | 0 | 13.6 | 0 | 23.5 | ||||||
| Ascaris lumbricoides (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.9 | ||||||
| Trichuris trichiura (%) | 0 | 4.5 | 0 | 17.6 | ||||||
| Necator americanus (%) | 0 | 9.1 | 0 | 5.9 | ||||||
| Strongyloides (%) | 0 | 4.5 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| TIgE (IU/L) (median, IQR)* | 5912 (1446–19547) | 10470 (5589–21261) | 0.16 | 2156 (-4263, 8576) | 0.50 | 6562 (1447–11527) | 10476 (6899–18669) | 0.07 | 3916 (-4020, 11852) | 0.32 |
| Eosinophils (%) (mean, SD)* | 12.0 (9.0) | 20.3 (9.8) | 0.08 | 8.3 (-2.0, 18.6) | 0.11 | 9.2 (8.0) | 15.1 (8.7) | 0.12 | 5.6 (-3.1. 14.2) | 0.19 |
| hs-CRP (mg/L) (median, IQR) | 2.15 (0.55–6.82) | 1.19 (0.52–3.42) | 0.28 | -0.52 (-1.50, 0.46) | 0.29 | 1.79 (0.46–3.78) | 2.63 (1.06–5.96) | 0.28 | 0.31 (-0.62, 1.24) | 0.50 |
| ALAT (GPT, U/L) (mean, SD) | 17.0 (10.6) | 16.2 (5.9) | 0.76 | -1.1 (-6.8., 4.6) | 0.69 | 21.6 (13.2) | 18.3 (12.5) | 0.47 | -6.2 (-15.8.9, 3.3) | 0.19 |
| ASAT (GOT, U/L) (mean, SD) | 25.6 (10.5) | 23.9 (6.1) | 0.53 | -2.5 (-8.0, 3.0) | 0.36 | 27.3 (10.0) | 24.7 (8.2) | 0.42 | -3.5 (-10.3, 3.2) | 0.29 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) (mean, SD) | 4.47 (1.19) | 4.60 (0.62) | 0.66 | 0.10 (-0.50, 0.70) | 0.73 | 4.76 (0.91) | 4.41 (0.73) | 0.23 | -0.49 (-1.14, 0.15) | 0.13 |
| Insulin (mU/L) (median, IQR) | 4.55 (2.78–7.93) | 5.08 (2.91–9.88) | 0.77 | 0.06 (-0.59, 0.71) | 0.84 | 4.22 (2.68–7.16) | 3.76 (2.44–8.55) | 0.87 | 0.06 (-0.75, 0.87) | 0.88 |
| C-peptide (nmol/L) (median, IQR) | 0.38 (0.31–0.58) | 0.43 (0.29–0.68) | 0.93 | 0.02 (-0.44, 0.49) | 0.92 | 0.42 (0.32–1.07) | 0.32 (0.26–0.54) | 0.36 | -0.12 (-0.63, 0.39) | 0.63 |
| HOMA-IR (median, IQR) | 0.93 (0.49–1.33) | 1.10 (0.59–2.01) | 0.58 | 0.15 (-0.54, 0.83) | 0.66 | 0.99 (0.52–1.32) | 0.80 (0.44–1.71) | 0.73 | -0.04 (-0.89, 0.81) | 0.92 |
| TC (mmol/L) (mean, SD) | 4.11 (0.75) | 3.98 (0.70) | 0.60 | -0.06 (-0.49, 0.36) | 0.76 | 4.78 (0.81) | 4.04 (0.96) | 0.025 | -0.52 (-1.16, 0.12) | 0.11 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) (mean, SD) | 1.43 (0.47) | 1.21 (0.36) | 0.12 | -0.23 (-0.52, 0.07) | 0.12 | 1.46 (0.32) | 1.13 (0.22) | 0.002 | -0.27 (-0.48, -0.06) | 0.013 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) (mean, SD) | 2.30 (0.54) | 2.43 (0.69) | 0.52 | 0.21 (-0.16, 0.57) | 0.26 | 2.85 (0.82) | 2.59 (0.89) | 0.39 | -0.10 (-0.74, 0.53) | 0.74 |
| TG (mmol/L) (mean, SD) | 0.83 (0.24) | 0.74 (0.23) | 0.22 | -0.10 (-0.25, 0.05) | 0.18 | 1.05 (0.69) | 0.70 (0.18) | 0.07 | -0.31 (-0.66, 0.05) | 0.08 |
Normally distributed data are presented as means +/- standard deviation (SD) and non-normally distributed data as median +/- interquartile range (IQR). Adjusted mean difference for TIgE, hs-CRP, Insulin, C-peptide and HOMA-IR were anti-log transformed.
*, some values are missing (for TIgE n = 14 in BMI>25 and Sh-; for eosinophils n = 6 in BMI<25 and Sh-, n = 17 in BMI<25 and Sh+ and n = 9 in BMI>25 and Sh-). Abbreviations: BMI: body mass index; TIgE: total immunoglobulin E; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; ALAT: alanine aminotransferase; ASAT: aspartate aminotransferase; HOMA-IR: HOmeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance; TC: total cholesterol; HDL-C: high density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-C: low density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: triglycerides.