Table 1.

Human studies of the involvement of hepatic ER stress and UPR activation in liver diseases.

Liver disease	Findings	Reference(s)
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/	↓XBP1s	41
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis	↑p-eIF2α	41
	↑XBP1s and targets	42–44
	↓BIP, PDI	43
Alcoholic liver disease	↑BIP	68
	↑IRE1α	68
	↑PERK, p-PERK, ATF4, CHOP	68
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency	Dilated and abnormal ER	75
Primary biliary cholangitis	↑BIP, PDI	83
Hepatitis B	↑BIP, XBP1s	97
Hepatitis C	Abnormal ER	98
	↑XBP1s, ATF6 and PERK, ATF4 pathway	98
	↑BIP	97
Ischemia/reperfusion injury	↑BIP, CHOP, GADD34, XBP1s, p-PERK and p-eIF2α	117
Hepatocellular carcinoma	↑ATF6, XBP1s and BIP	138