Table 1.

Characteristics of technology-based preoperative exercise interventions. -a Preoperative and postoperative intervention. NA, not applicable; NR, not reported; IQR, inter-quartile range.

Authors, year	Characteristics	Technology-based intervention
Authors, year	Characteristics	Technology	Intervention type	Frequency	Intensity	Session time	Programme duration	Adherence (%)
Bruns and colleagues, 2019¹³	Design: single arm cohort Sample size: 14 Median age (IQR): 79 (74–86) Male sex (%): 5 (36%) Cancer type: colorectal	Digital TV (not commercially available)	Physical: strengthening exercises using body weight	Daily	NR	7 min	18–32 days	86
Bruns and colleagues, 2019¹³		Digital TV (not commercially available)	Nutritional: protein-rich meals	Daily	NA	NA	18–32 days	71
Olivero and colleagues, 2019¹⁵	Design: prospective cohort Sample size: 182 Age: NR Male sex (%): NR (NR) Cancer type: lung	Mobile Application^a (n=68)	Physical: aerobic, inspiratory, muscle strength	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR
		Mobile Application^a (n=68)	Education: smoking advice, mouth health, early mobilisation, and pain control	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR
		Control (n=114)	Education: information and education by the department of physical medicine	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR
Hillen and colleagues, 2019¹⁴	Design: case report Sample size: 1 Age: 56 yr Male sex (%): 1 (100%) Cancer type: oesophagus	Web-based programme (individualised)a	Physical: endurance and resistance exercises using resistance bands	6 days/week	NR	NR	10 weeks	95
Kadiri and colleagues, 2019¹²	Design: single arm cohort Sample size: 31 Mean age (SD): 64 (12) yr Male sex (%): NR (NR) Cancer type: lung	Mobile Application (iOS 11) incorporated with pulse oximeter	Physical: aerobic and strengthening training consisted of 10 exercises	NR	Target heart rate ≥60% of maximum heart rate based on their age	NR	NR	NR
Kadiri and colleagues, 2019¹²			Education: importance of exercise, information about their surgery, patient pathway	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR