Persistent truncus arteriosus (PTA) and ventricular septal defect (VSD) in NC-specific Foxc1;Foxc2 mutants at E11.5 and E14.5. (a, c, and e) Control heart sections show normal outflow tract (OFT) and ventricular development at the respective time points in development. (b) Compound NC-Foxc1;Foxc2-DKO section at E11.5 that exhibits partial PTA. (d and f) NC-Foxc1;Foxc2-DKO sections at E14.5 that exhibit both PTA, displayed by a lack of septation between the pulmonary trunk (Pt) and aorta (Ao), and VSD, displayed by an indistinct interventricular septum. E14.5 sections cut in the transverse plane. E11.5 sections cut in the frontal plane. PTA, persistent truncus arteriosus; RV, right ventricle; LV, left ventricle; VSD, ventricular septal defect; Sep, aorticopulmonary septum; P.PTA, partial truncus arteriosus. Scale bars, 100 μm in A–B; 150 μm in C–F