Table III.
Therapies and clinical outcomes
| Characteristics | Total (n = 70) | No ARDS (n = 49) | ARDS (n = 21) | P value∗ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Medical therapy | ||||
| Hydroxychloroquine, n (%) | 27 (38.6) | 14 (28.6) | 13 (61.9) | .0087 |
| Azithromycin, n (%) | 23 (32.9) | 16 (32.7) | 7 (33.3) | .9557 |
| Remdesivir, n (%) | 13 (18.6) | 6 (12.2) | 7 (33.3) | .0494 |
| Corticosteroid, n (%) | 23 (32.9) | 13 (26.5) | 10 (47.6) | .0852 |
| IL-6 inhibitor, n (%) | 3 (4.3) | 3 (6.1) | 0 (0.0) | .5488 |
| IL-1 inhibitor, n (%) | 1 (1.4) | 1 (2.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1.0000 |
| Antibiotics <48 h, n (%) | 20 (28.6) | 17 (34.7) | 3 (14.3) | .0833 |
| Antibiotics >48 h, n (%) | 28 (40.0) | 13 (26.5) | 15 (71.4) | .0004 |
| Vasopressor use | ||||
| Any inotrope use, n (%) | 14 (20.0) | 3 (6.1) | 11 (52.4) | <.0001 |
| Epinephrine, n (%) | 3 (4.3) | 1 (2.0) | 2 (9.5) | .2123 |
| Norepinephrine, n (%) | 8 (11.4) | 2 (4.1) | 6 (28.6) | .0074 |
| Dopamine, n (%) | 5 (7.1) | 1 (2.0) | 4 (19.0) | .0259 |
| Dobutamine, n (%) | 1 (1.4) | 1 (2.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1.0000 |
| Milrinone, n (%) | 3 (4.3) | 2 (4.1) | 1 (4.8) | 1.0000 |
| Respiratory support | ||||
| NC oxygen, n (%) | 30 (42.9) | 18 (36.7) | 12 (57.1) | .1138 |
| Duration of NC oxygen, h, median (IQR) | 27.5 (9.0, 36.0) | 28.0 (10.0, 48.0) | 15.5 (6.5, 25.5) | .3125 |
| HFNC oxygen, n (%) | 21 (30.0) | 14 (28.6) | 7 (33.3) | .6903 |
| Duration of HFNC oxygen, h, median (IQR) | 96.0 (59.0, 108.0) | 96.0 (87.0, 108.0) | 8.0 (8.0, 8.0) | .1349 |
| Non-IMV, CPAP, or BiPAP, n (%) | 14 (20.0) | 4 (8.2) | 10 (47.6) | .0004 |
| Total duration of non-IMV/CPAP/BiPAP, h, median (IQR) | 79.5 (41.5, 121.5) | 156.0 (156.0, 156.0) | 72.0 (11.0, 87.0) | .3711 |
| IMV, n (%) | 20 (28.6) | 2 (4.1) | 18 (85.7) | <.0001 |
| Extubated, n (%) | 9 (45.0) | 1 (50.0) | 8 (44.4) | 1.0000 |
| Duration of IMV, h, median (IQR) [among 9 extubated patients] | 163.0 (79.0, 308.7) | 79.0 (79.0, 79.0) | 191.4 (107.5, 309.5) | .5613 |
| Prone positioning while awake, nonintubated, n (%) | 4 (5.7) | 3 (6.1) | 1 (4.8) | 1.0000 |
| Prone positioning while intubated, n (%) | 3 (15.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (16.7) | 1.0000 |
| Neuromuscular blockade, n (%) | 15 (75.0) | 0 (0.0) | 15 (83.3) | .0526 |
| Mechanical support | ||||
| ECMO, n (%) | 1 (1.4) | 1 (2) | 0 (0.0) | .1053 |
| RRT, n (%) | 1 (1.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (4.8) | .3000 |
| Outcomes | ||||
| Sepsis syndrome, n (%) | 57 (81.4) | 38 (77.6) | 19 (90.5) | .3173 |
| Severe sepsis syndrome, n (%) [n = 12] | 12 (21.1) | 2 (5.3) | 10 (52.6) | <.0001 |
| AKI, n (%) | 9 (12.9) | 5 (10.2) | 4 (19.0) | .4366 |
| Cardiac arrest, n (%) | 2 (2.9) | 0 (0) | 2 (2.9) | |
| Status on hospital day 14, n (%) | <.0001 | |||
| Discharged | 47 (69.1) | 42 (89.4) | 5 (23.8) | |
| Hospitalized (floor) | 5 (7.4) | 4 (8.5) | 1 (4.8) | |
| Hospitalized (PICU) | 14 (20.6) | 1 (2.1) | 13 (61.9) | |
| Mortality | 2 (2.9) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (9.5) | |
| Status on hospital day 28, n (%)† [n = 70] | ||||
| Discharged | 55 (78.5) | 46 (93.8) | 9 (42.9) | |
| Hospitalized (floor) | 4 (5.7) | 2 (4.1) | 2 (9.5) | |
| Hospitalized (PICU) | 9 (12.8) | 1 (2) | 8 (38.1) | |
| Mortality | 2 (2.8) | 0 | 2 (9.5) | |
BiPAP, bi-level positive airway pressure; CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; HFNC, high-flow nasal cannula; IMV, invasive mechanical ventilation; NC, nasal cannula; RRT, renal-replacement therapy.
∗
χ2 test, Fisher exact test, or Wilcoxon rank-sum test.
†
Seven patients did not reach 28 days from PICU admission as they were discharged before this benchmark.