Table 3.
Associations between socio-demographic, psychiatric anamnestic and clinical factors and quality of life by WHOQOL-BREF sections based on domain-specific multifactorial analyses of variance
| WHOQOL-BREF | WHOQOL-BREF domains | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Global Scale | Physical | Psychological | Social | Environmental | |
| Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | |
| Main diagnosis (F, df) | (3.30, 6) | (2.36, 6) | (4.93, 6) | (0.99, 6) | (0.73, 6) |
| Unipolar depression | 32.2 (24.2 to 40.3) | 40.1 (34.3 to 45.8) | 34.7 (28.3 to 41.0) | 44.1 (35.0 to 53.2) | 52.5 (46.3 to 58.8) |
| Bipolar depression | 43.5 (32.7 to 54.2) | 47.3 (39.6 to 55.1) | 44.8 (36.3 to 53.3) | 48.5 (36.3 to 60.7) | 54.2 (45.8 to 62.6) |
| Schizophrenia | 40.5 (30.9 to 50.0) | 46.4 (39.5 to 53.2) | 45.2 (37.7 to 52.7) | 50.0 (39.2 to 60.8) | 53.5 (46.0 to 60.9) |
| Schizoaffective disorder | 39.4 (27.5 to 51.3) | 43.1 (34.5 to 51.6) | 40.0 (30.6 to 49.5) | 53.6 (40.0 to 67.1) | 56.1 (46.8 to 65.4) |
| Neurotic disorder | 32.4 (23.2 to 41.6) | 44.1 (37.5 to 50.7) | 41.1 (33.8 to 48.2) | 46.9 (36.4 to 57.3) | 53.7 (46.5 to 60.9) |
| Dementia | 45.9 (30.1 to 61.6) | 43.4 (32.1 to 54.7) | 39.6 (27.2 to 52.1) | 50.3 (32.4 to 68.2) | 58.0 (45.7 to 70.4) |
| Alcohol addiction | 55.0 (34.1 to 75.9) | 48.1 (32.1 to 54.7) | 50.7 (34.2 to 67.3) | 49.7 (25.9 to 73.5) | 66.3 (49.9 to 82.6) |
| Sex (F, df) | (0.35, 1) | (1.98, 1) | (0.06, 1) | (0.22, 1) | (0.07, 1) |
| Male | 41.9 (33.5 to 50.4) | 45.8 (39.7 to 51.8) | 42.5 (35.9 to 49.2) | 49.6 (40.0 to 59.2) | 56.6 (50.0 to 63.2) |
| Female | 40.6 (32.3 to 48.8) | 43.5 (37.6 to 49.4) | 42.1 (35.6 to 48.6) | 48.4 (39.0 to 57.8) | 56.1 (49.6 to 62.5) |
| Living situation (F, df) | (0.13, 5) | (1.06, 5) | (1.26, 5) | (0.64, 5) | (0.95, 5) |
| Living alone | 41.5 (36.7 to 46.3) | 45.5 (42.0 to 48.9) | 45.8 (42.0 to 49.6) | 46.0 (40.5 to 51.4) | 57.5 (53.8 to 61.3) |
| With partner or relatives | 41.4 (36.3 to 46.5) | 43.7 (40.0 to 47.4) | 43.6 (39.6 to 47.7) | 49.2 (43.4 to 55.0) | 60.2 (56.2 to 64.2) |
| With parents | 40.5 (30.9 to 50.1) | 46.3 (39.4 to 53.2) | 50.9 (43.3 to 58.4) | 46.1 (35.2 to 56.9) | 61.1 (53.6 to 68.5) |
| Assisted living | 46.4 (26.2 to 66.6) | 56.2 (41.7 to 70.7) | 38.7 (22.7 to 54.6) | 60.5 (37.5 to 83.4) | 60.5 (44.8 to 76.3) |
| Subsistence (F, df) | (0.62, 4) | (0.76, 4) | (2.24, 4) | (2.97, 4) | (2.31, 4) |
| Own income | 42.5 (33.5 to 51.5) | 45.5 (39.1 to 52.0) | 43.8 (36.7 to 50.9) | 54.4 (44.2 to 64.6) | 58.2 (51.2 to 65.3) |
| Retirement/disability pension | 37.8 (29.3 to 46.4) | 42.0 (35.9 to 48.2) | 37.7 (30.9 to 44.5) | 48.1 (38.4 to 57.9) | 55.9 (49.2 to 62.6) |
| Unemployment/sick benefit | 41.0 (32.0 to 50.1) | 45.9 (39.4 to 52.4) | 45.3 (38.1 to 52.4) | 52.0 (41.7 to 62.3) | 58.6 (51.5 to 65.7) |
| Social welfare | 42.7 (33.6 to 51.9) | 45.1 (38.5 to 51.7) | 42.9 (35.7 to 50.2) | 42.7 (32.3 to 53.1) | 51.7 (44.6 to 59.0) |
| Support by partners/family | 42.2 (31.7 to 52.7) | 44.6 (37.1 to 52.1) | 41.9 (33.6 to 50.2) | 47.7 (35.8 to 59.6) | 57.2 (49.0 to 65.4) |
| Psychiatric co-diagnoses (F, df) | (1.04, 2) | (2.50, 2) | (0.23, 2) | (0.29, 2) | (0.64, 2) |
| None | 42.7 (34.4 to 51.0) | 44.5 (38.5 to 50.4) | 42.9 (36.3 to 49.4) | 48.1 (38.7 to 57.6) | 55.9 (49.4 to 62.4) |
| One | 42.3 (33.6 to 51.0) | 47.0 (40.8 to 53.2) | 42.7 (35.8 to 49.5) | 50.1 (40.3 to 60.0) | 57.6 (50.9 to 64.4) |
| More than one | 38.9 (30.0 to 47.6) | 42.5 (36.1 to 48.8) | 41.4 (34.4 to 48.4) | 48.7 (38.7 to 58.8) | 55.4 (48.5 to 62.3) |
| WHOQOL-BREF | WHOQOL-BREF domains | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Global Scale | Physical | Psychological | Social | Environmental | |
| Regr. coeff. (95% CI) | Regr. coeff. (95% CI) | Regr. coeff. (95% CI) | Regr. coeff. (95% CI) | Regr. coeff. (95% CI) | |
| Age (year) (F, df) |
(0.14, 1) 0.03 (− 0.15 to 0.21) |
(0.67, 1) 0.05 (− 0.07 to 0.18) |
(5.38, 1) 0.17 (0.03 to 0.31) |
(0.00, 1) − 0.01 (− 0.21 to 0.20) |
(1.09, 1) 0.07 (− 0.07 to 0.21) |
| Number of episodes (F, df) |
(0.25, 1) 0.08 (− 0.23 to 0.39) |
(1.20, 1) 0.12 (− 0.10 to 0.35) |
(0.52, 1) 0.09 (− 0.15 to 0.33) |
(0.00, 1) − 0.00 (− 0.35 to 0.35) |
(0.32, 1) 0.07 (− 1.7 to 0.31) |
| Number of suicide attempts (F, df) |
(1.03, 1) 0.83 (− 0.79 to 2.46) |
(0.20, 1) − 0.26 (− 1.43 to 0.90) |
(1.22, 1) − 0.72 (− 2.01 to 0.56) |
(0.40, 1) 0.59 (− 1.25 to 2.44) |
(0.04, 1) 0.14 (− 1.13 to 1.4) |
| GAF score (F, df) |
(0.23, 1) 0.07 (− 0.20 to 0.33) |
(0.32, 1) 0.06 (− 0.14 to 0.25) |
(0.10, 1) 0.03 (− 0.18 to 0.25) |
(1.31, 1) − 0.18 (− 0.48 to 0.13) |
(0.00, 1) 0.01 (− 0.20 to 0.22) |
| CGI severity score (F, df) |
(5.92, 1) − 4.07 (− 7.35 to − 0.78) |
(2.71, 1) − 1.97 (− 4.33 to 0.38) |
(2.99, 1) − 2.28 (− 4.88 to 0.31) |
(0.11, 1) 0.64 (− 3.09 to 4.36) |
(5.65, 1) − 3.10 (− 5.67 to − 0.54) |
| R2/corrected R2 | 0.084/0.029 | 0.088/0.035 | 0.116/0.064 | 0.056/0.001 | 0.067/0.012 |
The results are expressed as the means with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for categorical variables or regression coefficients with 95% CI for continuous variables (all results adjusted for main diagnosis, living situation, subsistence, sex, psychiatric co-diagnoses, age, number of episodes, number of suicidal attempts, GAF score, and CGI score)
GAF global assessment of function, CGI clinical global impression